Charybdotoxin, a peptide neurotoxin of known molecular structure, blocks Shaker K+ channels by binding to a receptor at the outer opening of the ion conduction pathway. Analysis of variants of CTX at position 29 and of Shaker at position 449 shows that these two residues interact closely in the channel-toxin complex. The CTX mutation M29I leads to a slight strengthening of block when tested on ...

The classical isoperimetric problem seeks the least-area way to enclose a single region of prescribed volume. About 200 BC, Zenodorus argued that a circle is the least-perimeter enclosure of prescribed area in the plane (see [Heath 60]). In 1884, Schwarz [Schwarz 1884] proved by symmetrization that a sphere minimizes surface area for a given volume in R. Isoperimetric problems arise naturally i...

BACKGROUND Sevoflurane can be used as sedative-analgesic drug with endothelial protective properties. We tested whether low-dose sevoflurane inhalation provides sustained inhibition of detrimental granulocyte-platelet aggregation in humans. METHODS Ten healthy male volunteers were enrolled in this crossover study. Each subject inhaled sevoflurane for 1 h at 0.5-1 vol % end-tidal concentration...

Voltage-sensitive K channels speed membrane repolarization, thus narrowing action potential (AP) waveforms. The spike waveform at synaptic terminals strongly influences the kinetics of neurotransmitter release. Because recording APs at synaptic terminals is difficult, however, researchers typically examine EPSPs to identify contributors to presynaptic waveform. For example, mutation of shaker, ...

BACKGROUND GH may be beneficial in treating patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, the efficacy and safety of GH could be compromised by the potential for accumulation in the circulation. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety of GH treatment in ESRD patients. DESIGN This was an open, nonrandomized, single-centre parallel-group study lasti...

To assess the effect of sevoflurane anaesthesia on hepatocellular integrity, we measured plasma concentrations of glutathione S-transferase (GST) before anaesthesia and 1, 3, 6 and 24 h after the end of anaesthesia in 41 healthy, Japanese patients undergoing elective, body surface surgery. Sevoflurane (approximately 1.0 MAC) was delivered in 50-66% nitrous oxide in oxygen via a circle system, w...

INTRODUCTION To examine pooled efficacy data from three, large phase III studies comparing mirabegron (50 and 100 mg) with placebo, and pooled safety data including additional mirabegron 25 mg and tolterodine extended release (ER) 4 mg results. METHODS This prespecified pooled analysis of three randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week studies, evaluated efficacy and safety of onc...

Probiotics are live microorganisms and offer health benefits to the digestive system used in production of many fermented foods. Non-digestible carbohydrates dietary fibers which cannot be digested absorbed by small intestine. Strains Lactobacillus, among most common popular group probiotics added dairy products supplements. Besides, Lactobacillus acidophilus can exhibit useful such as showing ...