OBJECTIVE Early detection and diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma and precancerous change would undoubtedly become the most alluring part for researchers. With the emergence of endometrial brush samplers, a new upsurge in endometrial cytology is in the making. But endometrial specimens obtained by the endometrial brush samplers require special preservation solution. The objective of this study i...

Molecular profiling of endometrial neoplasms reveals genetic changes in endometrial carcinomas that support the dualistic model, in which type I carcinomas are estrogen-dependent, low grade lesions and type II carcinomas are nonestrogen dependent and high grade. The molecular changes in type I endometrial carcinomas include mutations in PTEN, PIK3CA, KRAS, and beta-catenin, along with microsate...

background: unexplained infertility is still a challenging issue as to its causes, appropriate management and treatment. evidence implicates early embryopathy or implantation failure as likely causes. objective: this study aims to investigate the effect of local endometrial injury on pregnancy rate in selected unexplained infertile patients. materials and methods: this was a randomized clinical...

Breast cancer constitutes 54.8 percent of deaths from malignancies in female genital tract in Malaysia, 19951• It is also the second most common death (19.4%) from malignancies in females in Malaysia. The use of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy continuously for five or more years has contributed to longer survivals in these patients. Several recent reports of possible association between tamoxifen tr...

The endometrial blood vessels form a vascular bed with a number of unusual properties. Unlike most adult vasculature these blood vessels undergo constant cycles of growth and regression during the reproductive life of the female. This short review covers a number of different aspects relating to endometrial vascular structure and function during endometrial growth, implantation, endometrial reg...

Background: One of the most common abnormality in female genital system, especially in premenopausal period, is abnormal uterine bleeding caused by endometrial hyperplasia. Prevalence of endometrial hyperplasia is 5-20% with different risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), multiparity, nuliparity, advanced age, and using estrogen consumption. This study try to determine risk...

Embryo implantation represents the most critical step of the reproductive process in many species. Inadequate uterine receptivity is responsible for approximately two-thirds of implantation failures. The cell adhesion molecule (CAM) such as integrins, cadherins, selectins and immunoglobulins intervene to ensure adhesiveness between the embryo and the endometrium. Some recent studies indicate th...

OBJECTIVE To assess the value of endometrial thickness measurement as a test for endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women with vaginal bleeding (symptomatic women). DATA SOURCES We conducted a literature search using the MEDLINE database from 1991 to 1997, and the key words "vaginal ultrasonography" and "endometrial thickness measurement." The review was limited to original research reports...

It is well-known that the clinical outcomes are different between type 1 (estrogen dependent) and type 2 (estrogen independent) endometrial cancer. Studies have suggested that the estrogen receptor (ER) is positively correlated with endometrial cancer survival, however we previously reported that there is no difference in the positivity of ER as well as sex hormone levels between subtypes of ca...

Objective Endometrial polyps are localised growths of endometrial tissue containing glands, stroma and blood vessels, covered with epithelium. The reported prevalence of endometrial polyps is dependent upon the population being studied and the uterine imaging technique utilised. The light microscopy literature provides very little information regarding their microvasculature and lymphatic syste...