Since the first report of endoscopic subtotal parathyroidectomy in 1996, a variety of endoscopic surgical approaches has been reported. These endoscopic approaches include the minimally-invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT), the endoscopic lateral approach, the lateral mini-incision approach, the anterior/chest (hybrid) approach, the transaxillary approach, the axillobreast approach, th...

Sigmoid volvulus (SV) is a rare colonic obstruction in which the sigmoid colonwraps around itself. The principal strategy for the treatment of uncomplicated SV is emergency endoscopic detorsion, while emergency surgery is needed in complicated SV with bowel gangrene, bowel perforation, peritonitis, or unsuccessful endoscopic treatment. In the endoscopic examination of SV, endoscopic detorsion i...

INTRODUCTION Although it is a rare neoplasm, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, with the potential for intracranial extension. Surgical excision is the main treatment. The external approach has largely been replaced by the endoscopic approach in small lesions, and it can be used as a complement in more advanced cases. However, th...

gastric varices (gv) are responsible for 10-30% of all variceal  hemorrhage. however, they tend to bleed more severely with higher mortality. around 35-90% rebleed after spontaneous hemostasis. approximately 50% of patients with cirrhosis of liver harbor  gastroesophageal varices. in this review, new treatment modalities in the form of endoscopic treatment options and interventional radiologica...

introduction and aims: prior investigators have proposed microlithiasis as a causative factor for occult gallbladder diseases. endoscopic ultrasonography (eus) is potentially far more sensitive than transabdominal ultrasonography (tus) in visualizing small stones. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of endoscopic ultrasounography (eus) in the diagnosis of microlithiasis in patient...

background: percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (peg) is the standard method for enteral feeding in patients predicted to require long-term enteral nutrition because of dysphagia. the aim of this study was to assess the complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy performed using the pull technique. methods: between january 2011 and december 2011, 74 patients underwent percutaneous endo...

we report a rare case of congenital foregut cysts (esophageal bronchogenic cyst) in a young woman with history of long term dysphagia. she presented with dysphagia and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed bulge submucosal lesion in the distal of the esophagus. endoscopic ultrasound showed a 3×3 cm cystic lesion suggestive for esophageal duplication or bronchogenic cyst. computed tomography o...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Advances in the field of skull base surgery aim to maximize anatomical exposure while minimizing patient morbidity. The petroclival region of the skull base presents numerous challenges for surgical access due to the complex anatomy. The transcochlear approach to the region provides adequate access; however, the resection involved sacrifices hearing and results in at least...

Objective: Various pathologies can occur at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ). Posterior decompression with occipitocervical fixation improve many of these conditions, but anterior is required in some cases. Anterior a CVJ lesion very difficult to perform. The transoral approach has been considered gold standard, it disadvantage deep and limited operative field, complications are associated th...