Ultra high energy protons accelerated at the shocks causing gamma ray bursts photoproduce pions, and then neutrinos in situ. I consider here the sources of losses in this process, namely adiabatic and synchrotron losses by both pions and muons. When the shocks under consideration are external, i.e., those between the ejecta and the surrounding interstellar medium, I show that neutrinos produced...

In this paper, we propose a distributed algorithm called G-REMiT for building an energy efficient multicast tree in a wireless ad hoc network (WANET). G-REMiT employs a more realistic energy consumption model for wireless communication which takes into account not only the energy losses due to radio propagation but also the energy losses in the transceiver electronics. We evaluate the performan...

Complicated potential structure formed at a constriction of positive column of a DC discharge with heated cathode in He at low discharge currents is investigated. According to the potential structure, electrons and ions are accelerated by the electric field and their energy distribution functions acquire multi humped shapes. Additional maximums on distribution functions quickly disappear due to...

Efficiency of adiabatic circuits is determined by the adiabatic and non-adiabatic losses incurred by them during the charging and recovery operations. Lesser be the losses more energy efficient would be the circuit. In this paper, a new approach i.e., Complementary Energy Path Adiabatic Logic (CEPAL), is presented to minimize power dissipation in quasi static energy recovery logic (QSERL). It o...

The impacts of the availability of low-carbon technologies on the regional distribution of mitigation costs are analyzed in a global multi-regional integrated assessment model. Three effects on regional consumption losses are distinguished: domestic measures, trade of fossil energy carriers and trade of emission permits. Key results are: (i) GDP losses and a redirection of investments in the en...

Several mechanisms may heat the solar chromosphere: acoustic waves, magnetoacoustic waves (slow, fast, and Alfvén waves), and small-scale magnetic reconnections. Based on observations in the Ca II 854.2 nm line, the contribution of acoustic waves to the heating of quiet and plage regions in the chromosphere is discussed. The energy released by radiative losses is compared with the energy deposi...

The diets of 20 children with cystic fibrosis were analysed for energy and nutrient content with simultaneous measurement of energy losses in stools. Median energy intakes were in excess of the WHO estimated daily requirements (118.2%) when expressed as MJ/kg/24 hours, the excess almost accounted for by energy losses in the stools. When expressed as MJ/24 hours, however, median energy intakes w...

In Europe, the perennial C4 grass miscanthus is currently mainly cultivated for energy generation via combustion. In recent years, anaerobic digestion has been identified as a promising alternative utilization pathway. Anaerobic digestion produces a higher-value intermediate (biogas), which can be upgraded to biomethane, stored in the existing natural gas infrastructure and further utilized as ...

In this paper we present some features of Q-balls and we discuss their interactions with matter, and their energy losses in the Earth, for a large range of velocities. These calculations are used to compute the fractional geometrical acceptance of the MACRO detector. Furthermore a systematic analysis of the energy losses of Q-balls in three types of detectors is investigated. More specifically ...

BACKGROUND Understanding the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) hemodynamics may lead to improved surgical procedures which result in a more efficient modified circulation. Reduced energy loss will translate to less work for the single ventricle and although univentricular physiology is complex, this improvement could contribute to improved postoperative outcomes. Therefore to conserve energ...