International human rights law defines certain fundamental freedoms which individuals should enjoy and proscribes a number of actions by the State or its agents, such as torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment. Its major defect is a lack of effective procedures by which individuals can file complaints and through which states can be condemned for violations. The [European] Convention...

In this paper we provide experimental evidence for the importance of reputation in markets with experience goods. In this type of markets high quality cannot be enforced by complete and enforceable contracts. This leads to low efficiency or even the breakdown of markets. A potential remedy to overcome these inefficiencies is reputation formation. In order to study the causal effect of reputatio...

The paper studies a class of games, “All-Pay Contests”, which captures general asymmetries and sunk investments inherent in scenarios such as lobbying, competition for market power, labor-market tournaments, and R&D races. Players compete for one of several identical prizes by choosing a score. Conditional on winning or losing, it is weakly better to do so with a lower score. This formulation a...

Rapid growth of rural communities in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Macon County, North Carolina has been giving rise to concerns over declining environmental quality and increasing need for land-use policy. This paper examines willingness to pay (WTP) for hypothetical conservation easements as an alternative land-use policy for the county. Despite the fact that Macon County has struggled to adopt...

Protest bids are often excluded during analysis of contingent valuation method data. It is suggested that this procedure might introduce significant bias. Protest bids are often registered by respondents who may actually place a higheror lower-than-average value on the commodity in question but refuse to pay on the basis of ethical or other reasons, Exclusion of protest bids may therefore bias ...

Animal welfare is often cited as a classic public good, which implies market failure and, thus, that government intervention is required. However, the current literature does not provide an accessible account of how governed markets are supposed to cope with the issues of animal welfare. This paper seeks to fill this gap by re-considering the political economy of animal welfare. Conceptual anal...

The present study surveyed a UK representative sample of 500 individuals and employed the Choice Experiment (CE) to elicit the UK public’s views on the management of stray dogs and people’s willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce the current euthanasia rate. The results revealed that people have an emotional bonding with companion animals and are willing to pay to reduce the current euthanasia rate....

All children have the right to education without discrimination, but half of refugee are out school, far worse than global averages. Obstacles for and migrant include poverty overstretched resources in host countries, humanitarian donors agencies important roles should ensure education. However, policy barriers key drivers crisis facing displaced children. These internationally unlawful, affect...

In employment relationships, non-compete agreements limit the employee’s ability to use resources from current employer benefit future employers. While it protects interests of employers, may infringe upon rights employees. Many countries have recognized and strictly regulated agreements, especially provisions conditions in which become legal enforceable. Vietnam, even though there is no docume...