INTRODUCTION Soil moisture, snow and precipitation are key parameters in numerous environmental studies, including hydrology, meteorology, and agriculture. They play important roles in the interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere, as well as the partitioning of precipitation into runoff and ground water storage and absorbed solar energy into sensible and latent heat flues at the...

abstract a previous study on agricultural drains in khuzestan province of iran has indicated that carbonate calcium is the main component of the deposited salts in drainage envelops. to investigate the process of precipitation of carbonate calcium under different conditions including chemical, bio-chemical, aerobic and an-aerobic, a through laboratory investigation on geotextile drain envelop w...

Patterns of adaptation in response to environmental variation are central to our understanding of biodiversity, but predictions of how and when broad-scale environmental conditions such as climate affect organismal form and function remain incomplete. Succulent plants have evolved in response to arid conditions repeatedly, with various plant organs such as leaves, stems, and roots physically mo...

A Monte-Carlo simulation approach for the nanoparticle precipitation in microemulsions has been developed and adapted to nanoparticle precipitation. The simulation includes especially technical process parameters like feed rate, initial volume ratio or molar ratio of initial reactant concentrations. A set of experiments with different initial reactant concentrations of and is compared to the si...

A water budget is important for environmental models such as a fire potential model. For the eastern United States, water budget indices derived from the cumulative interplay of precipitation and evaporation characterizes moisture conditions better than the Keech-Byram drought index. Because there are various sources of precipitation and evaporation data, it is difficult to manage those data co...

The real-time availability of several satellite-based precipitation products has recently provided hydrologists with an unprecedented opportunity to improve current hydrologic prediction capability for vast river basins, particularly for ungauged regions. However, the accuracy of real-time satellite precipitation data remains uncertain. This study aims to use three widely used real-time satelli...