In this study we make use of the Swarm counter-rotation constellation for estimating typical scale length post-sunset equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) along fluxtubes. The close approaches between spacecraft near equator occurred in September and October 2021, covering magnetic local time from 19:00 to 23:00, which is favorable occurrence EPBs. It first show quasi-simultaneously samplings by A/...

Predicting the maximum ground subsidence (Smax) in construction of soil pressure balanced shield tunnel, particularly on soft foundation soils, is essential for safe operation and to minimize possible risk damage urban areas. Although some research has been done, this issue not solved because its complexity many other influencing factors. Due increasing accuracy machine learning(ML) predicting ...

Uncertainty is often the most significant source of risk associated with a project in tunnel and underground construction. Unforeseen uncertainties can lead to construction problems leading reduced advances delays, cost increases, damage existing infrastructure and/or building equipment. The M5 metro line, which subject study, located Uskudar – Umraniye - Cekmekoy Sancaktepe district on Asian s...

due to urbanization and population increase, need for metro tunnels, has been considerably increased in urban areas. estimating the surface settlement caused by tunnel excavation is an important task especially where the tunnels are excavated in urban areas or beneath important structures. many models have been established for this purpose by extracting the relationship between the settlement a...

A protocol for the bottom-up self-assembly of nanogaps is developed through molecular linking of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Two π-conjugated oligo(phenylene ethynylene) molecules (OPE) with dithiocarbamate anchoring groups are used as ligands for the AuNPs. OPE-4S with a dithiocarbamate in each end of the molecule and a reference molecule OPE-2S with only a single dithiocarbamate end group. Th...

Due to urbanization and population increase, need for metro tunnels, has been considerably increased in urban areas. Estimating the surface settlement caused by tunnel excavation is an important task especially where the tunnels are excavated in urban areas or beneath important structures. Many models have been established for this purpose by extracting the relationship between the settlement a...