The dynamic turn in Epistemic Logic is based on the idea that notions of information should be studied together with the actions that modify them. Dynamic epistemic logics have explored how knowledge and beliefs change as consequence of, among others, acts of observation and upgrade. Nevertheless, the omniscient nature of the represented agents has kept finer actions outside the picture, the mo...

Abilities – no doubt – have a modal nature, but how to spell out this modal nature is up to debate. In this essay, one approach is of special interest. It could be called the restricted possibility approach to ability. The idea behind the restricted possibility approach is this: There are many kinds of modals which express for example deontic, epistemic or metaphysical modality. But all these d...

the warrant of truth has long been drawing the attention of philosophers.in order to find out the truth value one should determine first the criterion of truth. discursive or representational knowledge are related to objects external of mind and so since external circumstances are involved in occurrence of this sort of knowledge, its truth value is diminished. presential knowledge, however, is ...

According to pragmatic linguistic analyses, language has to be analyzed and interpreted in relation to the social context which generates and uses it. Language is not to be considered an isolated system of either symbols or mental rules, but a system used in a specific setting and for specific communicative purposes. It is within this pragmatic paradigm that English for Specific Purposes (ESP) ...

Avicenna’s discussion of future contingent propositions is sometimes considered to entail metaphysical indeterminism. In this paper, I argue that his logical analysis statements best understood in terms the epistemic modality those statements, which has no consequences for modal metaphysics. This interpretation corroborated by hitherto neglected material concerning question God’s knowledge part...

one of the most controversial problems in western epistemology is the division of propositions into analytic and synthetic. this division drew the attention of many proponents and opponents and faced many objections. one the most important objections which if valid enough, can destroy the basis of this division and resulting epistemological consequences is the of relativity of both analytic as ...

We propose a model for knowledge attribution and epistemic evaluation in scientific discourse, consisting of three dimensions with different values: source (author, other, unknown); value (unknown, possible, probable, presumed true) and basis (reasoning, data, other). Based on a literature review, we investigate four linguistic features that mark different types epistemic evaluation (modal auxi...