Ten horses (Equus caballus) were vaccinated with strain TC-83 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccine. Febrile responses and leukopenia due to a reduction of lymphocytes and neutrophils were observed in all animals. Viremias were demonstrable in eight horses, with a maximum of 10(3.5) median tissue culture infectious dose units per ml of serum in two horses. Clinical illness wit...

BACKGROUND The Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus replicon system was used to produce virus-like replicon particles (VRP) packaged with a number of different VEE-derived glycoprotein (GP) coats. The GP coat is believed to be responsible for the cellular tropism noted for VRP and it is possible that different VEE GP coats may have different affinities for cells. We examined VRP packaged ...

Specific and sensitive reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays were developed for the detection of eastern, western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (EEE, WEE, and VEE, respectively). Tests for specificity included all known alphavirus species. The EEE-specific RT-PCR amplified a 464-bp region of the E2 gene exclusively from 10 different EEE strains from South and North America wit...

We present the concept of bi-capacity as a generalization of capacities (or fuzzy measures). The Choquet integral w.r.t. bi-capacities is defined, and is a generalization of Cumulative Prospect Theory models. This new model can bring much more flexibility in representing preferences. Lastly, we introduce the Möbius transform of bi-capacities.

In this paper some types of decomposable signed fuzzy measures have been presented. We discuss properties of 6-and ⊕decomposable signed fuzzy measures. We consider their relationship with bi-capacities.

Customers are realizing the importance and benefits of shopping online such as convenience, comparison, product research, larger selection, and lower prices. The dynamic nature of e-commerce evokes online businesses to make alterations in their business processes and decisions making to satisfy customers’ needs. Online businesses are adopting Business Intelligence (BI) tools and systems with th...

In this paper, we introduce the concept of anti M-fuzzy sub-bigroup of an M-bigroup and bi lower level subset of an anti M-fuzzy sub-bigroup and discussed some of its properties.

Experimental studies were undertaken to compare the vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus Dyar and Knab, Culex (Melanoconion) ocossa Dyar and Knab, and Psorophora confinnis (Lynch Arribalzalga) from Central America for epizootic (IAB) and enzootic (IE) strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus. Virus infection and dissemination rates were significantly higher in Cx. ta...