The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Development Report 2012 team, the World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent

Although the ovaries produce majority of estrogens in women before menopause, estrogen is also synthesized peripheral tissues such as adipose tissue (AT). The typical female AT distribution, concentrated subcutaneous and femoro-gluteal regions, estrogen-mediated, but significance synthesis premenopausal poorly understood. Serum visceral homogenates from 28 undergoing non-malignant surgery were ...

Phytoestrogens are polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compounds with estrogen like activity exerted through estrogen receptors. These receptors are distributed in several tissues such as male and female reproductive systems, bones, cardiovascular and central nervous systems. These natural phenolic compounds include isoflavonoids, flavonoids, lignans and stilbenes. Isoflavonoids are the most studi...

Research has shown that obesity increases the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type DM) by promoting insulin resistance, serum estrogen levels upregulation of aromatase, and promotes release reactive oxygen species (ROS) macrophages. Increased circulating glucose been to activate mammalian target rapamycin (mTOR), a significant signaling pathway in breast cancer pathogenesis. Estrogen plays a...

background: there are some controversial data on application of progesterone and progesterone plus estrogen at luteal phase. objective: to investigate the effects of different luteal support hormones on the alkaline phosphates (alp) activity in the endometrial epithelium and endometrial thickness during superovulation process for obtaining the optimized endometrial receptivity in animal model. ...

BACKGROUND Anemia in pregnancy is highly prevalent among antenatal clinic attendees in Enugu, Nigeria despite the practice of routine iron supplementation in pregnancy. The major problem with iron supplementation in pregnancy is compliance, and this may be a potential driver to the persistent high prevalence of anemia in this population. OBJECTIVES To find out the compliance rate and determin...

background: the effect of ovariectomy and accompanying sudden loss of circulating gonad hormones on spatial learning performance in the young adult rats was examined. we hypothesized that spatial learning and memory in a considerable number of women who undergo a surgical menopause and estrogen deprivation before their natural menopause be impaired. methods: in this study, we used 26 wistar rat...

background:estrogens play a substantial role in the proliferation, progression and treatment of breast cancer by binding with two estrogen receptors, alpha and beta (erα and erβ). resistance to endocrine therapy is a major problem in the treatment of breast cancers and, in some cases, may be related to loss of er gene expression. we have already showed that erα methylation occurs in high freque...

background and objective: angiogenesis is a complex program of several steps and it is tightly regulated by pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. angiogenesis is one of the key elements in cutaneous wound healing and skin cancers. estrogen seems to have positive modulating effect on cutaneous wound healing and this effect may be explained by its angiogenic properties. this study aims to investigate...