ICD shocks can result from a variety of etiologies; determining the proper etiology of the inappropriate shock is essential for correction of the problem. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) can mimic cardiac signals and cause inappropriate defibrillator shocks. We present two cases of inappropriate ICD shocks due to EMI and reversal of the proximal and distal DF-1 lead terminals of the ICD lead...

background: although the risk factors of ischemic strokes are well defined, there is slight information about their relations with the etiologies of ischemic strokes. this study investigated the distribution of ischemic stroke risk factors and their connections to diverse etiologies of cerebrovascular attack (cva) and specific ischemic regions of brain. methods: in this cross sectional study , ...

background: jaundice is a common condition among neonates. prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia occurs when jaundice persists beyond two weeks in term neonates and three weeks in preterm neonates. this study aimed to determine the etiologies of prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infants admitted to the neonatal ward of besat hospital in hamadan, iran. methods: this study was cond...

retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in childhood. enucleation remains the treatment of choice in many children because the eye can not be salvaged with any other treatment modality. in some cases after enucleation etiologies other than retinoblastoma are detected in histopathologic review (pseudoretinoblastomas). this study aims to evaluate the prevalence and etiolo...

In patients with malignancy, the common etiologies of granuloma formation are tumor related sarcoid reaction, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and other granulomatous diseases. Often, the finding of granulomas in malignant patients may obscure the primary malignancy or may mislead towards treatment of infectious and other etiologies. Hence, their proper recognition and necessary follow up is needed to...

Thoracolumbar paraspinal myonecrosis can be developed with various etiologies. It can induce compartment syndrome of spinal muscles and cause elevated pressure on back muscles, resulting in severe back pain. Thoracolumbar paraspinal myonecrosis is a very rare disease. There are only a few studies about paraspinal myonecrosis. Here we report a case of a spontaneous thoracolumbar paraspinal myone...

BACKGROUND Diplopia is a symptom with very different etiologies. It may be caused by pathology in the eye, orbit, extraocular muscles, neuromuscular junction, or in the central nervous system. CASE REPORT Three clinical cases of hospitalization due to isolated diplopia are presented here, illustrating different etiologies. CONCLUSIONS The present article aims to address the differential dia...

Despite considerable interest in the syndrome of acute left ventricular (LV) ballooning, its pathophysiology has remained ill-defined. In this review, we explore observational data describing two etiologies LV ballooning: neurohumoral classic Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS), and severe unrelenting outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We describe...