In the Iranian economy, part of the governmentchr('39')s fiscal policies and liabilities is always financed by banks. As government debt to banks increases, the private sectorchr('39')s access to loans and facilities is limited. It can cause undesirable macroeconomic outcomes. This study investigates the macroeconomic effects of government debt on banks in Iran over 1972–2016 by using an SVAR m...

This study examines the implications of recent trade trends and long-term price projections for Sub-Saharan Africa’s major exports. Its policy message for Africa is two fold. First, Africa must diversify away from traditional products or continue to experience serious negative trade effects including; (i) declining or relatively low growth in global demand for these goods, (ii) falling real pri...

It is suggested that instead of attempting to adjust the consumer price index (CPI) after tax reform it is better to measure changes in after-tax income.

On October 6, 1979, the Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve System embarked on an aggressive policy to lower the inflation rate, which then stood near 12 percent. That effort succeeded: By the mid-1980s, the rate of change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) was reduced to less than 4 percent on a three-year moving-average basis, as shown in figure 1. The commonly reported measur...

Consumer Price Index (CPI) of a particular region is primarily calculated through aggregation of individual household observations. This aggregation is done following two schemes, plutocratic and democratic. While both of them are useful for certain purposes, none of them actually give proper attention to poor households. In this study, we have shown that weighting scheme with certain mathemati...

In this paper we examine the relationship between advertising spending and perceived product quality. The questions we ask are: Does a product's advertising spending in ̄uence consumers' perceptions of its quality? If so, does the effect remain even after accounting for objective quality, price and market share? Does knowledge about objective quality, from Consumer Reports or usage experience, a...

Digital goods can be reproduced costlessly. Thus a price of zero would be economically efficient in terms of eliminating deadweight loss. However, zero revenues would eliminate the economic incentives for creating such goods in the first place. We develop a novel mechanism which solves this dilemma by decoupling the price of digital goods from the payments to innovators while maintaining budget...

To examine the effect of the variance of consumer ratings on product pricing and sales we develop a model which considers goods that are characterized by two types of attributes: experience attributes and experience attributes that were transformed in search attributes by consumer ratings that we call informed search attributes. For pure informed search goods, we find that with increasing varia...

Abstract T ire cent decades, the internationalization of trade and companies' engagement in the global market has been found with a double significance. Planning and investment to increase the share of non-oil exports in total exports and reform its combination to export of goods and services with higher technology are of approaches of vision plan that export of Construction Services ...

The paper considers the use of a Consumer Price Index (CPI) for three possible purposes: (1) as a Cost of Living Index (COLI); i.e., as a measure of the relative cost of achieving the standard of living when facing two different sets of prices for the same group of commodities; (2) as a consumption deflator; i.e., the price change component for a decomposition of a value ratio into price and qu...