BACKGROUND Transplantology is a quickly developing field of ophthalmology. It currently is able to treat many inherited, degenerative, inflammatory, traumatic, and cancerous diseases. This review outlines recent concepts and methods of treating ocular diseases with tissue and cell grafts. Ocular transplants related to the anterior part of the eye, including the conjunctiva and the cornea, are r...

for banks and financial institutions, credit risk had been an essential factor that needed to be managed well. credit risk was the possibility that a borrower of counter party would fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms. credit risk; therefore arise from the bank’s dealings with or lending to corporate, individuals, and other banks or financial institutions.  credit risk...

n the 1990s, foreign direct investment (FDI) became the largest single source of external finance for many developing countries.1 Most discussions on the causes and effects of FDI have focused on flows into manufacturing and real production sectors, where this type of investment has traditionally been concentrated. More recently, however, FDI into the financial sector has soared, and the sector...

We argue that a higher share of the private sector in a country’s external debt raises the incentive to stabilize the exchange rate. We present a simple model in which exchange rate volatility does not affect agents’ welfare if all the debt is incurred by the government. Once we introduce private banks who borrow in foreign currency and lend to domestic firms, the monetary authority has an ince...

International capital flows can take many forms, from foreign direct investment (FDI) to loans to bonds to bank credits to equity, originating in either the public or the private sector and being channeled to either the public or private sector, where the latter may constitute either banks or other financial institutions or corporates or individuals. The characteristics of capital flowing in th...

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiota of donor rabbit corneas stored for tectonic transplantation purposes. Swabs from both corneas of 20 rabbits were carefully collected and submitted to microorganism isolation and identification. After this first swab collection, rabbits were euthanized for reasons other than this project and the eyes were enucleated. The corneas were collected and stor...

Islamic Banking is growing at a rapid speed and has showed unprecedented growth and expansion in last two decades in spite of mismatching of existing financial framework and business practices. By the end of 2008 volume of Islamic banking has reached to US $ 951 Billion with operation in more than 50 countries. Middle East is the centre of Islamic banking with contribution of approximately 80% ...

We construct the first general equilibrium model of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the banking sector to compare the welfare consequences of two types of liberalization. We find that liberalizing by lifting restrictions on inflows of foreign loans is more likely to reduce the average interest rate spread (markup) than liberalizing by allowing FDI in the banking sector. Using heterogeneous, ...

The presence of other firms in a foreign market can have a double-edged effect on the profitability of new entrants. Firstly, a larger presence of other firms implies more competition and thus lowers the earnings prospects of new entrants. Secondly, there might be positive spill-over effects between the activities of new and old entrants, which can lead to clustering effects. Such clustering of...