Welfare effect of tariff for a small country in the case of traditional tariff (exogenous) compared to free trade would decrease the welfare of the country. This paper has shown that the welfare effect of tariff in case of untraditional tariff (endogenous) can be explained by using the specific factors models (Jones) that fundamentally determined by Cournut- Nash Equilibrium system in contrary ...

in recent decades, most of researchers in pharmaceutical preparations have focused increasingly on new formulations that control the site and amount of drug delivery. mucoadhesive dosage forms are available for systemic or local treatment. the mucoadhesive dosage forms are introduced in various forms such as tablets, gels, ointments, patches and polymeric films. for buccal wound and injury the ...

Observations have revealed large Poynting flux and soft electron precipitation around the cusp region, which have strong impacts on the polar ionosphere/thermosphere. Simulations also confirmed that Poynting flux and soft electron precipitation significantly change the neutral density and dynamics around the dayside polar cap boundary regions. However, no detailed study has been conducted to sh...

Article history: Received 20 October 2011 Received in revised form 11 July 2012 Accepted 12 July 2012 Available online 20 July 2012 In this paper we analyze the relationship between survival, employment growth and firm size in Chile, an economy that has reduced largely its trade barriers in the last three decades. We are particularly interested in analyzing whether the small and medium sized en...

We propose a model of flexible trade agreements in which verifying the prevailing contingencies is possible but costly. Two types of flexibility emerge: contingent protection, which requires governments to verify the state of the world, and discretionary protection, which allows governments to set tariffs unilaterally. The structure of the GATT/WTO agreement provides these two types of flexibil...

Motivated by the proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) in Asia over the last decade, this paper studies the challenges faced by the Asian “noodle bowl”—overlapping, multiple trade rules, regulations, and standards in Asia—in the process of regional and global trade integration. The paper first highlights the importance of trade and investment linkages among Asian economies that have for...

Exploiting data on US local labor markets between 1990 and 2010, we analyze the heterogeneous impact of rising import penetration on employment growth of ‘good’and ‘bad’jobs. Three salient findings emerge. First, job polarization —defined as an increase in good and bad jobs and a decrease in middle quality jobs —occurred over this time period in US local labor markets, but is not due to local t...

WTO Accession and Performance of Chinese Manufacturing Firms* China’s policy-makers argued that WTO accession and the accompanying trade liberalization would have a beneficial impact on the domestic economy. China’s import tariffs differed tremendously across industry in the earlier years, but converged to an almost uniform low level after WTO entry. We exploit sectoral variation in the extent ...

We examine in detail the circumstances under which reciprocity, as defined in Bagwell and Staiger (1999), leads to fixed world prices. We show that a change of tariffs satisfying reciprocity does not necessarily imply constant world prices in a world of many goods and countries. While it is possible to find tariff reforms that are consistent with both reciprocity and constant world prices (as B...

In this paper, two key questions are asked: why has the GATT/WTO worked in terms of multilateral tariff reduction and promotion of global trade, and to what extent will it act as a constraint on economic nationalism? To answer these two questions, three themes are laid out in the paper: first, the seminal economic model rationalizing the economic logic of the GATT/WTO is assessed; second, the p...