Viruses can occasionally emerge by infecting new host species. However, the early phases of emergence can hinge upon ecological sustainability of the virus population, which is a product of both within-host population growth and between-host transmission. Insufficient growth or transmission can force virus extinction before the latter phases of emergence, where genetic adaptations that improve ...

. 12.00 background: most countries use educated nurses called “nurse practitioners” (nps) besides the family physicians for diagnosis, treatment, and specifically health education of the family. the main goal of this study was to redefine the role of nps for better use of their capabilities in the so-called “family physician reform” in iran. materials and methods: this is a qualitative and comp...

objective: in developing countries, nutritional deficiency of essential trace elements is a common health problem, particularly among pregnant women because of increased requirements of various nutrients. accordingly, this study was initiated to compare trace elements status in women with or without pre-eclampsia. materials and methods: in this study, serum trace elements including zinc (zn), s...

background: the objective of this study is to optimize the effective dose of heparin and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection (lhi) for drug combination. materials and methods: the animal clinical study of lhi was performed by the rat’s model of induced arteriovenous shunt thrombosis. experimental animals were grouped into several groups and separately treated with both lhi (20, 40, 80 mg/kg, i...

background: designing intervention based on health-care settings resources and patient acceptability is potentially important in the prevention of high blood pressure (bp) and other risk factors of cardiovascular disease. to explain a multicenter randomized controlled trial that is designed to examine the effects of the multicomponent lifestyle modification program on bp. materials and methods:...

The availability of reliable recombinant reporter virus systems has been a great boon to the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8). Unexpectedly, we found that expression of the ostensibly constitutive green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker was progressively lost during unselected passage in primary rat mesenchymal precursor cells (MM), despite efficient maintenance of l...

Approximately 50 per cent of Group A, Type 3 streptococci contain a hitherto undescribed antigen found only in Group A, Type 3 organisms. It is serologically distinct from Type 3 M antigen and is designated as 3 R antigen. Strains containing 3 R antigen but no Type 3 M antigen are "glossy," avirulent Type 3 variants. These strains can be obtained by repeated transfers of virulent M-containing s...