* Vinod Ahuja is a faculty member at the Centre for Management in Agriculture, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Elizabeth Redmond is a consultant at the Livestock Information, Sector Analysis and Policy Branch, FAO, Rome. This paper was prepared during Vinod Ahuja’s visit to FAO in April-May 2001. We sincerely acknowledge the inputs received from Henning Steinfeld and Joachim Otte on ...

While acknowledging the need to take into account recent scientific developments and, if necessary, to integrate them into nutrition recommendations on carbohydrate intake, CEFS (Comité Européen des Fabricants de Sucre), on behalf of all sugar manufacturers in the EU and Switzerland, can only regret that not all the available scientific evidence was considered by FAO/WHO for that purpose. On th...

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1. The general framework 2. Identification of priority pollution issues 3. International programs 3.1 The WHO Regional Office for Europe 3.2 The WHO Environmental Health Criteria Program 3.3 The United Nations Environment Programme 3.4 International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals 3.5 International Agency for Research on Cancer 3.6 FAO/WHO Pesticide Reviews 3.7 FAO/WHO Food Additive Rev...

The cellular response to fasting and starvation in tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, and liver requires peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha)-dependent up-regulation of energy metabolism toward fatty acid oxidation (FAO). PPARalpha null (PPARalphaKO) mice develop hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in the fasting state, and we previously showed that PPARalpha expression i...

In 1989 the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Protein Quality Evaluation recommended the use of the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) method for evaluating protein quality. In calculating PDCAAS, the limiting amino acid score (i.e., ratio of first limiting amino acid in a gram of target food to that in a reference protein or requirement) is multiplied by protein diges...

Glucagon receptor (Gcgr) signaling maintains hepatic glucose production during the fasting state; however, the importance of the Gcgr for lipid metabolism is unclear. We show here that fasted Gcgr-/- mice exhibit a significant increase in hepatic triglyceride secretion and fasting increases fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in wild-type (WT) but not in Gcgr-/- mice. Moreover fasting upregulated the ex...

Severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2)) is associated with multiple defects in skeletal muscle which contribute to insulin resistance and a reduction in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in this tissue. These metabolic derangements are retained in human skeletal muscle cells raised in culture. Together, these findings are indicative of a dysfunctional global metabolic program with severe obesity which is of...