BACKGROUND In the treatment of long thoracic nerve palsy with pectoralis major transfer, it remains unknown whether direct transfer of the pectoralis to the scapula or indirect transfer with an interpositional graft provides superior outcomes. METHODS A 3-tiered study was performed to gain a comprehensive understanding. (1) A survey of the membership of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon...

the economic burden of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (hiv/aids) is far greater than its direct medical costs. this study estimated annual indirect costs of the hiv/aids epidemic in islamic republic of iran in 2006-2007 from societal perspective. a patient cost diary in sets of six booklets covering a total of 6 months (from october 2006 and fallowed until march...

this study investigated the utilization of intertextuality in the fourth edition of the interchange book series for english as foreign language (efl) learners using fairclough’s (1992) framework. ten texts were randomly chosen among the reading passages of the interchange book series and later analyzed regarding intertextuality kinds and methods of reporting. findings indicated that two types o...

Retrospective accounts of transgression and forgiveness situations in ongoing friendships and dating relationships were coded based on Kelley’s (1998) three forms of forgiveness granting (direct, indirect, and conditional). Across the sample, indirect forgiveness was reported most frequently, followed by direct and conditional forgiveness. Forgivenessgranting tendencies varied by relationship t...

Fear causes fleeing and thereby saves lives: this exemplifies a popular and common sense but increasingly untenable view that the direct causation of behavior is the primary function of emotion. Instead, the authors develop a theory of emotion as a feedback system whose influence on behavior is typically indirect. By providing feedback and stimulating retrospective appraisal of actions, conscio...

Self-organizing feature maps such as Extended KohonenMaps (EKMs) have been very successful at learning sensorimotor control for mobile robot tasks. This paper presents a new ensemble approach called cooperative EKMs with indirect mapping to achieve complex robot motion. An indirect-mapping EKM self-organizes to map from the sensory input space to the motor control space indirectly via a control...

The article discusses how the increasing number of self-help books for single mothers is meeting demand positive narratives about their experiences, which are often stereotyped in media. The offer a powerful tool self-reflection, and critical discourse analysis reveals semantic strategies that authors use to construct, negotiate, reframe motherhood. aim challenge societal expectations re...

In this paper, we describe strategies we have used to foster selfregulated learning (SRL) in computer programming course in order to enhance the learning process. Strategies include direct instructions, guided practice and feedback, they were implemented using different tools to train student on SRL skills. Students in this course were enrolled in two sections randomly, one section was consider...