Organic matter is mainly present in the top 20–30 cm of most soil profiles and is essentially an array of organic macromolecules consisting principally of combinations of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. Soil organic matter is commonly measured as the quantity of organic carbon. The global pool of organic carbon in soil to a depth of 1 m has been estimated at 1,200–1,...

A modified phenomenological model is proposed for calculating the formation energy of carbon nanoclusters which makes it possible to analyze the regions of existence of clusters of various forms. A new parameter of the model, which corresponds to passivation of broken carbon bonds, affects the shape of the equilibrium optimum clusters, i.e., those having a minimum energy for a fixed number of a...

Capnometry is based on a discovery by chemist Joseph Black, who in 1875 noted the properties of a gas released during exhalation that he called “fixed air.” That gas—carbon dioxide—is produced as a consequence of cellular metabolism, a waste product of the process of oxygen and glucose combining to produce energy. Carbon dioxide exits the body via the lungs. The amount of CO2 in exhaled breath ...

............................................................................................................................. iv Chapter 1Introduction ........................................................................................................1 1.1 Hydrothermal Vent Habitat ................................................................................1 1.2 Thiomicrospira crunogena...

Afforestation in arid land is a promising method for carbon fixation, but the effective utilization of water is highly important and required. Thus, the evaluation of the amount of water per unit carbon fixed with the tree growth is required to minimize the amount of water supplied to the plants. In this research, a tree is regarded as a carbon fixation reactor with inflows of water and nutrien...

We investigate the electronic structure of carbon and nitrogen impurities, which are commonly incorporated during atomic-layer deposition of high-j oxides such as Al2O3 and HfO2. The impact on metal-oxide-semiconductor devices is assessed by examining formation energies, transition levels, and band alignment between the oxide and semiconductors such as GaN, Si, and III-As. Carbon introduces cha...

Reported here are experimental results of studies designed to identify the operable mechanisms responsible for the gains in thermal conductivity of nanofluids based on nanocarbons. Comparison of functionalized versus nonfunctionalized nanocarbons addresses the effect of interfacial fluid ordering. Comparison between graphitized and nongraphitized carbon black addresses the effect of long-range ...

The role of a C(4) pathway in photosynthetic carbon fixation by marine diatoms is presently debated. Previous labeling studies have shown the transfer of photosynthetically fixed carbon through a C(4) pathway and recent genomic data provide evidence for the existence of key enzymes involved in C(4) metabolism. Nonetheless, the importance of the C(4) pathway in photosynthesis has been questioned...

Few studies have examined the partitioning of organic matter in upwelling systems, despite the fact that these systems play a key role in carbon and nitrogen budgets in the ocean. We examined the production and partitioning of phytoplankton-derived organic matter in deck incubations off Oregon during the upwelling season. During exponential growth of the phytoplankton, $78% of total accumulated...

the nanoparticles of ni–si mixed oxides were prepared by co-precipitation method using nickel nitrate; ni(no3)2 6h2o and tetraethylorthosilicate (teos). the products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (xrd), transmission electron microscopy (tem), and hydrogen temperature program reduction (h2-tpr). the results revealed that ni–si mixed oxides particles were obtained with average particle ...