Abiotic stresses adversely affect plant growth and agricultural productivity. According to the current climate prediction models, crop plants will face a greater number of environmental stresses, which are likely to occur simultaneously in the future. So it is very urgent to breed broad-spectrum tolerant crops in order to meet an increasing demand for food productivity due to global population ...

it is a very short time that the quaternaries period in geology and physical geography's knowledge has occupied a very important place. during this period, the earth has suffered consecutive freezing that has been accompanied by tides and alternate erosion and sedimentation. sedimentary successions have recorded valuable evidence of changes with very accurate details. the study of these sedimen...

Abstract The evolution of resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) toxins by insect pests is a major threat technology. However, rate can be slowed with appropriate integrated management (IRM) strategies. Surveys were conducted identify alternate host species for Maruca vitrata (commonly called legume pod borer or that could serve as refuges Pod-Borer Resistant (PBR) cowpea in three West...

Bioengineering strategies are being developed that will provide specific and durable resistance against plant-parasitic nematodes in crops. The strategies come under three categories: (i) transfer of natural resistance genes from plants that have them to plants that do not, to mobilize the defense mechanisms in susceptible crops; (ii) interference with the biochemical signals that nematodes exc...

In 2008, the world produced approximately 87 gigaliters of liquid biofuels, which is roughly equal to the volume of liquid fuel consumed by Germany that year. Essentially, all of this biofuel was produced from crops developed for food production, raising concerns about the net energy and greenhouse gas effects and potential competition between use of land for production of fuels, food, animal f...

Alternate reality games (ARGs) are a new genre of transmedia practice in which players collaboratively hunt for clues, make sense of disparate information, and solve puzzles to advance an ever-changing narrative that is woven into the fabric of the real world. This paper highlights the potential for ARGs to promote 21st-century literacy skills. We propose a meta-level framework for 21st-century...

The Alternate Reality Game genre inspires a mode of play in which the participants choose to act as if the game world was real. Jane McGonigal has argued that one of the most attractive features of an ARG is the ‘Pinnochio’ effect: at the same time that the players deeply long to believe in them, it is in reality impossible to believe in them for real. In this article, we study “Sanningen om Ma...

The advent of the Internet has been instrumental in producing new Game Based Learning (GBL) tools where education and games converge. Alternate Reality Games (ARGs) are one such GBL tool. Interactive narrative games that use the Internet as a central communications platform, ARGs challenge players to collaboratively collate a fragmented story. When used for educational purposes, Serious ARGs pr...

The use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to grow biofuel crops adds the economic and environmental costs biomass production. Biological fixation provides an alternative, eco-friendly source for leguminous plants some nonlegumes. With objective characterizing eventually harnessing nitrogen-fixing bacteria in switchgrass roots, we assayed nitrogenase activity surveyed nifH-expressing roots grown...