Transient flow during nominally steady conditions is responsible for many intermittent defects during the continuous casting of steel. The double-ruler electromagnetic field configuration, or ‘‘FC-Mold EMBr,’’ is popular in commercial slab casting as it provides independent control of the applied static field near the jet and free surface regions of the mold. In the current study, transient flo...

Since double layers observed in space and in simulations are rarely if every static, considerable attention has been given to studies of motions of double layers in the laboratory. Extensive reviews have recently been published of the dynamical properties of very strong double layers (eV/kTe 1000) in a Q machine (Sato et al., 1983; Iizuka et al., 1983) and strong double layers (eV/kTe 10) in a ...

In this article, free vibration analysis of variable stiffness composite laminate (VSCL) plates with flat and folded shapes is studied. In order to consider the concept of variable stiffness, in each layer of these composite laminated plates, the curvilinear fibers are used instead of straight fibers. The analysis is based on a semi-analytical finite strip method which follows classical laminat...

The role of diffuse double-layer calcium in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling was examined using rabbit interventricular septa, cultured neonatal rat myocardial cells, and gas-dissected sarcolemmal membranes. The diffuse double layer refers to the space directly adjacent to the sarcolemma where the ionic composition of the media is a direct function of the membrane surface potential. The ...

Abstract. In this paper, we consider an equivalence problem of second order partially differential equations (PDE) and a duality of the flat differential equation. For the equivalence problem, explicit form of invariants (curvatures) are given. In particular, if all of the curvatures vanish, then PDE are equivalent to the flat equation. We also investigate a duality associated with the flat equ...

In this paper we establish square-function estimates on the double and single layer potentials with rough inputs for divergence form elliptic operators, of arbitrary even order 2m, with variable t-independent coefficients in the upper half-space.

The plasma on an auroral field line is simulated using a Vlasov model. In the initial state, the acceleration region extends from one to three Earth radii in altitude with about half of the acceleration voltage concentrated in a stationary double layer at the bottom of this region. A population of electrons is trapped between the double layer and their magnetic mirror points at lower altitudes....

In this paper, we deal with the subdierential concept onHadamard spaces. Flat Hadamard spaces are characterized, and nec-essary and sucient conditions are presented to prove that the subdif-ferential set in Hadamard spaces is nonempty. Proximal subdierentialin Hadamard spaces is addressed and some basic properties are high-lighted. Finally, a density theorem for subdierential set is established.