We consider the effects of a finite pedestal radial electric field on ion orbits using a unified approach. We then employ these modified orbit results to retain finite E×B drift departures from flux surfaces in an improved drift kinetic equation. The procedure allows us to make clear distinction between transit averages and flux surface averages when solving this kinetic equation. The technique...

research in convective heat transfer using suspensions of nanometer-sized solid particles in base liquids started only over the past decade. recent investigations on nanofluid, as such suspensions are often called, indicate that the suspended nanoparticles remarkably change the transport properties and heat transfer characteristics of the suspension. bending walls can also improve heat transfer...

in the present work, graphene was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (cvd) method. the structure of graphene was then confirmed by x-ray diffraction (xrd) and scanning electron microscope (tem) images. after that, mixed acid method (h2so4/hno3) was used to make the structure of synthesized graphenehydrophilic. in this method, carboxylate and hydroxide groups were linked to the edges of gr...

This work experimentally studied the convective flow and heat transfer characteristics of a novel nanostructured heat transfer fluid: "ethanol/polyalphaolefin nanoemulsion" flowing through 12 circular minichannels of 1-mm diameter each. Ethanol/polyalphaolefin nanoemulsion is a thermodynamically stable system formed by dispersing ethanol into a mixture of "polyalphaolefin (PAO)" and surfactants...

We study the electron temperature profiles for an inhomogeneous flow in hydrodynamic regime. assume that inhomogeneity is due to a weakly nonuniform distribution of momentum relaxation time within spherically constricted area. show profile dramatically depends on drive strength and viscosity liquid. In absence viscosity, Landauer-dipole-like distribution, asymmetrically deformed along current b...