The resuscitation of traumatic hemorrhagic shock has undergone a paradigm shift in the last 20 years with the advent of damage control resuscitation (DCR). Major principles of DCR include minimization of crystalloid, permissive hypotension, transfusion of a balanced ratio of blood products, and goal-directed correction of coagulopathy. In particular, plasma has replaced crystalloid as the prima...

The use of intravenous fluids is routine in patients undergoing surgery or critical illness; however, controversy still exists regarding optimum fluid therapy. Recent literature has examined the effects of different types, doses, and timing of intravenous fluid therapy. Each of these factors may influence patient outcomes. Crystalloids consist of isotonic saline or balanced electrolyte solution...

Why we have to measure cardiac output (CO), in selected high risk surgical patients? Because fluid test can be negative and further FC has to be avoided. This is mandatory and in thoracic anesthesia with the thorax open, the anesthetist cannot use hemodynamic dynamic indices (4, 5). Only a CO (or simply the stroke volume) measurement can help you to understand if the patient is a fluid responde...

BACKGROUND Acute bacterial meningitis remains a disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. However, with prompt and adequate antimicrobial and supportive treatment, the chances for survival have improved, especially among infants and children. Careful management of fluid and electrolyte balance is an important supportive therapy. Both over- and under-hydration are associated with adverse ...

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Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is a highly evolved mechanism, designed to conserve sodium and water in periods of illness. The advent of intravenous fluid therapy has challenged this system to operate in an opposite manner and excrete perioperatively administered sodium and water. Excessive fluid generates oedema and is associated with organ dysfunction and even death. Numerous fluid types h...

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) where GFR represents the amount of blood that is filtered by the kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for numerous physiologic processes including excretion of toxic metabolites and maintaining appropriate fluid balance in the body. Thus, ARF can result in a sudden, potentially life-threatening, dysregulation of ...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to systematically review and evaluate the quality of current evidence about fluid therapy (FT) in acute pancreatitis (AP). BACKGROUND Intravenous FT is thought to be important in the early management of patients with AP. Clinically relevant questions remain regarding the type of fluid, the rate of administration, and the goal of FT. METHODS A comprehensiv...

venous pressure (CVP) is essential. Such a line lies in the superior vena cava and fluctuates easily with respiration. Rehydration is commenced with half normal saline. Pota ium solutions are not used. 3. On receipt of the acid-base, electrolyte and haematocrit readings, an admixture of bicarbonate (44 mEq in an ampoule or 150 mEq in a bottle) and potassium (usually 40 mEq/h) may be necessary. ...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of intraoperative fluid therapy on length of hospital stay and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing spine surgery. A total of 1307 patients were analyzed. Sixteen pulmonary complications were observed. Patients with a higher volume of administered crystalloids, colloids, and total intravenous fluids were more likely to have postope...