We construct and analyze a discrete fitness landscape called metabolic adjustment landscape, from sub-networks covered by different productive flux distributions of a metabolic network. The topological structure of this landscape, i.e., the local minima and saddle points, can be compactly represented as a hierarchical structure called barrier tree. The switching from one local optimal flux patt...

Direct Torque Control (DTC) is a control technique used in AC drive systems to obtain high performance torque control. The conventional DTC drive contains a pair of hysteresis comparators, a flux and torque estimator and a voltage vector selection table. The torque and flux are controlled simultaneously by applying suitable voltage vectors, and by limiting these quantities within their hysteres...

Accurate prediction of core losses plays an important role in the design and analysis flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines, especially during high-speed high-frequency operation. Firstly, based on numerical method, a loss method considering DC-bias magnetization component local hysteresis loops as well harmonic effect is proposed. Secondly, magnetizing characteristics silicon steel s...

we solve the coupled mode equations governing the chalcogenide nonlinear fiber bragg gratings (fbgs) numerically, and obtain the bistability characteristics. the characteristics of the chalcogenide nonlinear fbgs such as: switching threshold intensity, bistability interval, on-off switching ratio are studied. the effects of fbg length and its third order nonlinear refractive index on fbg charac...