Food cleaning is widespread in the animal kingdom, and a recent report confirmed that (amongst other behaviours) wild western lowland gorillas also show food cleaning. The authors of this report conclude that this behaviour, based on its distribution patterns, constitutes a potential candidate for culture. While different conceptualisations of culture exist, some more and some less reliant on b...

A square root-type model for Escherichia coli growth in response to temperature, water activity, pH and lactic acid was developed by Ross et al. [Int. J. Food Microbiol. (2002).]. Predicted generation times from the model were compared to the literature data using bias and accuracy factors, graphical comparisons and plots of residuals for data obtained from both liquid growth media and foods. T...

Sangam literature conveys to us the high character, way of life, and experience Tamils. The five divisions ancient Tamil society (ainththinai) were characterised by numerous cultures. In later stage, based on term attribute, word "culture" was constructed. Culture refers biological structure human society. One main elements culture is food. Tamils excelled in cooking food with taste, selecting ...

Over the past five years 25,000 blood cultures were screened for septicaemia. Of these 6.7% were positive for salmonella species, the commonest being salmonella typhi accounting for 92% of total salmonella isolates. Over the years, S. typhi showed a gradual decline ranging from 96.7 to 87%. While salmonella paratyphi A has shown a gradual increase ranging from 2.5% to 11.4%. Salmonellosis peake...

Objective: Citrinin is a mycotoxin produced by several species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium and occurs mainly in food products and animal feed. Some scientific reports show a link between Citrinin and nephrotoxic and possibly a carcinogenic effect for humans. Methods: Samples collected by settling plates,in northern Iran and pure culture isolation performed till t...

Despite scientific advances, the continuous improvements associated with food safety management systems and increasing aca- demic debate. There is a sobering reality in twenty first century that 600 million people suffer from contamination. China, through its ‘One Belt One Road’ Strategy actively encouraging all enterprise sectors to export. However, Chinese sector has tainted history of signif...