nowadays, when the staff are on their work and they decide to have lower participation in their works the organizations face with withdrawal behavior of them. the employees who don’t know themselves responsible to organization interact with withdrawal behaviors. on the other hand, the results of studies indicate that a high level of stress can lead to reduction of organizational commitment, and...

BACKGROUND Heightened response to drug-related cues is a hallmark of addiction. Extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). In these patients, XR-NTX has been shown to reduce brain responses to opioid-related visual stimuli. To assess the biomarker potential of this phenomen...

Background: Cigarette smoking is the greatest preventable cause of morbidity and premature mortality in the US. Approved pharmacological treatments for smoking cessation are only marginally effective, underscoring the need for improved pharmacotherapies. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced in the intestinal L-cells and in the hindbrain nucleus solitarius. GLP-1 functions to maintain glu...

Purpose: To further evaluate the safety of Fuganlin Oral Liquid (FGLOL) for clinical application by conducting toxicological tests in young rats.
 Methods: Based on dose infants aged less than 1 year, 4-day-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were orally administered FGLOL3.88, 11.64 and 38.75 g crude drug/kg 18 days, followed a 3-week withdrawal. This was evaluating effect FGLOL various growth d...

Methylphenidate (MPD), a psychostimulant, is the first line drug for improving cognitive performance in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A non-prescription use of this also becoming increasingly known. growing rise its medical and nonmedical suggests that addictive.The present study was designed to ascertain reinforcing withdrawal effects clinically relevant doses methylphenidat...

The aim of our study was to understand functional significance of spontaneous oscillations of local field potential in the olfactory brain lobe of terrestrial snail, the procerebrum (PC). We compared changes in frequency of oscillations in semi-intact preparations from snails trained to percept the same conditioned odor as positive (associated with food reinforcement) or negative (associated wi...

Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has become an increasingly dangerous, illicitly marketed substance with numerous potential health hazards. 1-8 GHB was originally developed as an anesthetic but was withdrawn as a result of unwanted side effects.4 Marketed for the treatment of narcolepsy and alcohol withdrawal, it was used illicitly as a growth hormone and fat-burning drug by body builders. It has al...