UNLABELLED The 2009 H1N1 lineage represented the first detection of a novel, highly transmissible influenza A virus genotype: six gene segments originated from the North American triple-reassortant swine lineage, and two segments, NA and M, derived from the Eurasian avian-like swine lineage. As neither parental lineage transmits efficiently between humans, the adaptations and mechanisms underly...

Vertical vibrations in railway vehicles are not only induced by track irregularity but also affected the rotation of wheelsets with small mass imbalance. It is known that excitation force generated transmitted from bogies to car bodies through longitudinal connecting members such as traction devices and yaw dampers. In this research, we first investigated influence dampers on vertical body vibr...

BACKGROUND Pigs are considered to be intermediate hosts for the transmission of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) between birds and humans, but the transmissibility of AIVs among pigs and from pigs to other mammals remains largely unexplored. METHODS In an initial study, we confirmed the replication potential of various low-pathogenic AIVs in pigs and ferrets, which we used as a model for humans...

Background Although cholera is considered the quintessential long-cycle waterborne disease, studies have emphasized the existence of short-cycle (food, household) transmission. We investigated singular Danish cholera epidemics (in 1853) to elucidate epidemiological parameters and modes of spread. Methods Using time series data from cities with different water systems, we estimated the intrins...

Objectives. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a threat to TB control. To guide TB control, it is essential to understand the extent to which and the circumstances in which MDR-TB will replace drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) as the dominant phenotype. We examined the issue by presenting evidence from genomics, pharmacokinetics and epidemiology studies. We then synthesised this evidence i...

BACKGROUND We performed an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of pandemic intervention strategies using a detailed, individual-based simulation model of a community in Australia together with health outcome data of infected individuals gathered during 2009-2010. The aim was to examine the cost-effectiveness of a range of interventions to determine the most cost-effective strategies suitable for...

BACKGROUND The 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic called attention to the limited influenza treatment options available, especially in individuals at high risk of severe disease. Neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant seasonal H1N1 viruses have demonstrated the ability to transmit well despite early data indicating that resistance reduces viral fitness. 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses have sporadically appe...

Shock attenuation is a significant aspect of shockproof design. The aim this study to explore the use lattice structures for shock isolation applications. Five were fabricated using photopolymer resin and subjected quasi-static compression tests under universal testing machine response pneumatic exciter. provided preliminary data on structure’s collapse modes, stress, strain, energy absorption....