We build a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium model with one-sided substitutability between fossil carbon and biocarbon. One shock only, the discovery of the technology to use fossil fuels, leads to a transition from an inital pre-industrial phase to three following phases: a pure fossil carbon phase, a mixed fossil and biocarbon phase and an absorbing biocarbon phase. The increased competi...

Exploitation of fossil fuels such as lignite, brown coal, crude oil and natural gas comes from the oxidation of carbon stored over millions of years in the Earth’s crust; the combustible energy when released in the atmosphere emits carbon dioxide (CO2). Increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere causes global warming, because it is a greenhouse gas. Fossil fuels are limited and concentrat...

By acceptance of this article, the publisher and/or recipient acknowledges the U.S. Government's right to retain a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering this paper. [Abstract] Tropospheric sulfate aerosols produced by atmospheric oxidation of SO 2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion scatter solar radiation and enhance the reflectivity of clouds. Both effects decrea...

The isotopic composition of fossil fuels is an important component of many studies of C sources and sinks based on atmospheric measurements of CO2. In C budget studies, the isotopic composition of crude petroleum and CH4 are often used as a proxy for the isotopic composition of CO2 emissions from combustion. In this study, the C isotope composition (dC) of exhaust from the major fossil fuel emi...

Goal, Scope and Background. As part of an LCA study comparing an average Dutch passenger car running on petrol with a similar car running on bio-ethanol and comparing an average Dutch passenger car running on diesel with a similar car running on biodiesel, the question raised to get more insight into the allocations made in fossil fuel chains in existing databases such as ecoinvent. Both biofue...

SUMMARy This issue brief examines the choice of what emissions to include—and where to regulate them—under a tax or tradable allowance policy to reduce fossil-fuel carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. A companion brief (Issue Brief # 14) examines options for regulating non-CO 2 greenhouse gases (GHGs) and non-fossil CO 2 emissions. Several points emerge from this discussion: A regulatory program th...

A bunch of factors including the limited fossil resources and rising of fossil fuel price have been causes moving to create the new structure that is based on providing energy security, and protect the environment. One of the alternatives is the fuel cell (FC). Maximum power point tracker has an important role to increase the efficiency of the FC systems. One of the difficulties in maximum powe...

Soaring global food prices are threatening to push more poor people back below the poverty line; this will probably become aggravated by the serious challenge that increasing population and climate changes are posing for food security. There is growing evidence that human activities involving fossil fuel consumption and land use are contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and consequently chan...

Anthropogenic emissions have increased the CO2 concentration on the atmosphere with over 30% compared to pre-industrialize levels [1]. Most of these anthropogenic emissions are caused by fossil fuel utilization, where around one-third is due to electricity generation from fossil fuel combustion, mainly from coal-fired units. Furthermore, fossil fuel electricity generation units rank as the firs...