For artificial insemination (AI), boar semen is prepared in rather simple extenders, kept at 16-20°C and usually used in liquid form for up to 3 days from extension. Routine freezing of boar semen is occasionally used for gene banking, replacement of lost genetics or long-distance transport [1]. The reason behind this meagre use of freezing is the low tolerance of the ejaculated boar sperm to c...

Survival in the frozen state depends on biochemical adaptations that deal with multiple stresses on cells including long-term ischaemia and tissue dehydration. We investigated whether the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) could play a regulatory role in the metabolic re-sculpting that occurs during freezing. AMPK activity and the phosphorylation state of translation factors were measured in l...

In cold regions, the pore space’s composition and phase state can affect elastic modulus of media. During winter, freezing conditions in soil results release water from space, which significant changes media’s distribution composition. There are a few weaknesses current research with respect to change example frozen soil. This paper presents that Representative Macroscopic Volume (RMV) choice s...

Extinction of conditioned fear response is thought to be a biological process underlying exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. We have previously reported that an AMPA receptor potentiator, 4-[2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio]-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide (PEPA), facilitates extinction of fear memory formed through contextual fear conditioning in mice that had never been exposed to experiment...

AZI1 (AZELAIC ACID INDUCED 1) of Arabidopsis thaliana could be induced by azelaic acid and was involved in priming of systemic plant immunity. In the present work, expression of AZI1 in response to low temperature was investigated via RNA gel blot analysis. AZI1 could be induced slowly by cold stress and more than 6h treatment at 4°C was required to detect an increase in mRNA abundance. However...

Low temperature is one of the abiotic stresses seriously affecting the growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and freezing tolerance is a complex trait of major agronomical importance in northern and central Europe. Understanding the genetic control of freezing tolerance would aid in the development of cultivars of perennial ryegrass with improved adaptation to frost. The plant mater...

In social mammals, the presence of an affiliative conspecific reduces stress responses, a phenomenon referred to as "social buffering."In a previous study, we found that the presence of a conspecific animal ameliorated a variety of stress responses to an aversive conditioned stimulus (CS), including freezing and Fos expression in the lateral amygdala (LA) of male rats. Although these findings s...

To gain insight into the molecular basis contributing to overwintering hardiness, a comprehensive proteomic analysis comparing crowns of octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cultivars that differ in freezing tolerance was conducted. Four cultivars were examined for freeze tolerance and the most cold-tolerant cultivar ('Jonsok') and least-tolerant cultivar ('Frida') were compared with a go...

The basic mechanism of reinforcement in tendons addresses the transfer of stress, generated by the deforming proteoglycan (PG)-rich matrix, to the collagen fibrils. Regulating this mechanism involves the interactions of PGs on the fibril with those in the surrounding matrix and between PGs on adjacent fibrils. This understanding is key to establishing new insights on the biomechanics of tendon ...

BACKGROUND Leptin and its receptor are present in spermatozoa; however, the role of leptin in sperm function is still controversial. Our present study aimed at demonstrating the effect of cryopreservation on sperm DNA fragmentation (DNAf) and investigating the possible effects of sperm capacitation techniques and leptin in vitro incubation on frozen-thawed sperm DNAf and oxidative stress. MET...