The most striking characteristic of all five Central Asian Republics is their relatively new appearance on the international scene as independent actors. None of them had an experience as an independent/sovereign state, they had no state structures and mechanisms as such and more over their peoples had no sense of statehood. It is not easy to achieve all these in two generations, whereas other ...

Application of a test or checking sequence in a distributed test architecture often requires the use of external coordination message exchanges among multiple remote testers for eluding potential controllability and observability problems. Recent literature reports on conditions on a given finite state machine (FSM) under which controllability and observability problems can be overcome without ...

Regardless of the distribution of the adaptation data in the testing environment, model-based adaptation methods that have so far been reported in various literature incorporate the adaptation data undiscriminatingly in reducing the mismatch between the training and testing environments. When the amount of data is small and the parameter tying is extensive, adaptation based on outlier data can ...