We estimate the effect of gasoline prices on short-run equilibrium prices and sales of new and used cars of different fuel economies. We find that gasoline prices have larger effects on the prices of used cars than of new cars, but that they have large effects on market shares and sales of new cars. We use our findings to estimate a component of the effect of an environmental tax on gasoline, a...

Many consumers are keenly aware of gasoline prices, and consumer responses to gasoline prices have been well studied. In this paper, by contrast, we investigate how gasoline prices affect the automobile industry: manufacturers and dealerships. We estimate how changes in gasoline prices affect equilibrium prices and sales of both new and used vehicles of different fuel economies. We investigate ...

On- and off-road mobile sources are the dominant contributors to urban anthropogenic volatile organic compound (AVOC) emissions. Analyses of gasoline samples from California for both summer and winter indicate significant differences in liquid fuel and vapor chemical composition due to intentional seasonal adjustments. Ambient concentrations of 55 VOCs were measured via in situ gas chromatograp...

The toxicity of chemicals in mixtures such as gasoline may differ greatly from that observed when the chemicals are tested as pure compounds. For example, metabolic activation is the critical first step in the development of toxicity after exposure to benzene. Gasoline components inhibit benzene metabolism and thus reduce benzene's toxicity. The extent to which inhibition occurs depends on the ...

The acute toxicity of gasoline; its components benzene, toluene, and xylene; and the additives ethanol, methanol, and methyl tertiary butyl ether are reviewed. All of these chemicals are only moderately to mildly toxic at acute doses. Because of their volatility, these compounds are not extensively absorbed dermally unless the exposed skin is occluded. Absorption through the lungs and the gastr...

Motor vehicles are major sources of gas-phase organic carbon, which includes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other compounds with lower vapor pressures. These emissions react in the atmosphere, leading to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). With more chemical detail than previous studies, we report emission factors for over 230 compounds from gasoline and diesel ve...

The analysis of structure and dynamics of biological networks plays a central role in understanding the intrinsic complexity of biological systems. Biological networks have been considered a suitable formalism to extend evolutionary and comparative biology. In this paper we present GASOLINE, an algorithm for multiple local network alignment based on statistical iterative sampling in connection ...

Energy required for vehicles Low case High case A1(S1) 2007 onroad vehicle miles traveled in the U.S. (mi/yr) 3.237E+12 3.237E+12 A2 (S2) Total onroad vehicle fleet mileage (mpg) 1.711E+01 1.711E+01 A3=A1/A2 Gallons of fuel (gas+diesel) used (gal/yr) 1.892E+11 1.892E+11 A4 Lower heating value gasoline (MJ/kg) 4.400E+01 4.400E+01 A5 Gasoline density (kg/m3) 7.500E+02 7.500E+02 A6 Gallons per cub...

In the present study, the effects of bioethanolunleaded gasoline blends on engine performance were investigated in a spark ignition engine. Fuel containing 100% ethanol (E100), fuel blend containing 40% bioethanol by volume (E40) and 100% unleaded gasoline (E0) were tested and the test results were compared. As the result of the study, it was found that the use of unleaded gasoline and bioethan...