Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (T I M S). Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (F A B M S). . Inductively coupled mass spectrometry (I C P M S) Electron impact mass spectrometry (E I M S) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Dosage considerations. Intrinsic or extrinsic tag. Intestinal transit time and study length Endogenously excreted elements .

Within the context of a working group supported by ISSI (Bern, Switzerland), we have made an intercomparison work between Global Circulation Models using simplified parameterizations for radiative forcing and other physical processes. Even with similar schemes and parameters, the different GCMs produce different circulations, illustrating interesting differences between dynamical model cores.

Extreme precipitation events are one of the most dangerous hydrometeorological disasters, often resulting in significant human and socio-economic losses worldwide. It is therefore important to use current global climate models project future changes extremes. The present study aims assess extremes over South Asia from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) Global Climate Models (...

Based on the observational dataset CN05.1 and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), this study assesses performance of CMIP5 CMIP6 projects in projecting mean precipitation at annual seasonal timescales Yangtze River Basin China over period 2015–2020 under medium emission scenarios (RCP4.5/SSP2-4.5). Results indicate that multi-model ensemble (MME) overall has lower relative bias root-m...

27 28 Previous studies have demonstrated a link between gross moist stability (GMS) and intraseasonal 29 variability in theoretical and reduced-complexity models. In such simplified models, moisture modes— 30 convectively coupled tropical disturbances akin to the MJO whose formation and dynamics are linked to 31 moisture perturbations—develop only when GMS is either negative or " effectively " ...

This paper discusses some of the recent improvements in instrumentation used for stable isotope tracer measurements in the context of measuring retinol stores, in vivo. Tracer costs, together with concerns that larger tracer doses may perturb the parameter under study, demand that ever more sensitive mass spectrometric techniques are developed. GCMS is the most widely used technique. It has hig...

The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) assessed a range of scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions without policies to specifically reduce emissions, and concluded that these would lead to an increase in global mean temperatures of between 1.4°C and 6.9°C by the end of the 21st Century, relative to pre-industrial. While much political attention is focussed on the potential for global warm...