BACKGROUND Women's participation in medicine and the need for gender equality in healthcare are increasingly recognised, yet little attention is paid to leadership and management positions in large publicly funded academic health centres. This study illustrates such a need, taking the case of four large European centres: Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Germany), Karolinska Institutet (Swe...

For years, the difference between the gross hourly earnings of women and of men has remained constant for German white-collar employees at about 30 percent. It is obvious that regional factors play an important role in explaining this difference. In rural areas, the gender pay gap is especially pronounced (2006: 33 percent) while in metropolitan areas it is considerably lower than the average (...

T question of whether gender bias is a cause of differences in pay is important, persistent and still unresolved. A critical element in examining that question is the precise measurement of pay differentials, which in turn requires specification of components determined by differences in education, experience and occupation, inter alia. This article reviews some of the major research findings c...