Biotechnological utilization of microbial processes normally starts with the discovery, investigation, and understanding of naturally occurring microbial reactions. Biomolecular tools can help us, not only to gain better understanding of protein reactions; they also enable us to influence reaction properties. For efficient practical applications, modern biological techniques allow us to tailor ...

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate multiple key biological processes in the body. The orphan receptor GPR39 has been reported to be involved in various pathophysiological events. However, the function of GPR39 in skin biology remains unknown. Using a genetically engineered mouse strain in which lacZ expression faithfully replaced endogenous Gpr39 expression, we discovered a unique expr...

Reactions catalysed by sustainably produced enzymes can contribute to the bioeconomy supporting several industries. Low-value compounds be transformed into added-value products or high-resolution chemicals could prepared in reactions biocatalyst esterase enzymes. These synthesised purposely isolated genetically modified strains of microorganisms. Enzymes belonging hydrolase family catalyse form...

The history of mouse genetics, which involves the study of strain-dependent phenotype variability, makes it clear that the genetic background onto which a gene-targeted allele is placed can cause considerable variation in genetically engineered mouse (GEM) phenotype. This variation can present itself as completely different phenotypes, as variations in penetrance of phenotype, or as variable ex...

With the development of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology, the metabolic potentials of microorganisms are being explored and harnessed in a variety of new ways. Today, genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) have found applications in human health, agriculture, and bioremediation and in industries such as food, paper, and textiles. Genetic engineering offers the advantages o...

Unlike experiments carried out on humans and animals, applications involving microorganisms and their genetic modification do not cause pain and suffering as generally understood. The ethical problems raised by genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) therefore mainly related to the impact they have on the Earth's biosphere. As microorganisms can be found everywhere, including in the ecologic...

Hand ISSN The point of departure for the study of the impact of energy and environmental policies is the neoclassical theory of economic growth formulated by Cass (1965) and Koopmans (1967). The longrun properties of economic growth models are independent of energy and environmental policies. However, these policies affect capital accumulation and rates of productivity growth that determine the...