How can we enhance the understanding of abstract mathematical principles in elementary school? Different studies found out that nonsymbolic estimation could foster subsequent exact number processing and simple arithmetic. Taking the commutativity principle as a test case, we investigated if the approximate calculation of symbolic commutative quantities can also alter the access to procedural an...

The following two studies examined the role of skin color on children’s biological and nonbiological judgments. Study 1 examined preschoolers, first graders, third graders, fifth graders and adults’ reasoning about the impact of skin color on the contraction of common contagious illnesses. Study 2 assessed children’s and adults’ impact of skin color on positive and negative social behaviors. Re...

PURPOSE We developed and evaluated a training procedure for marking the endpoints of the ellipsoid zone (EZ), also known as the inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) border, on frequency domain optical coherence tomography (fdOCT) scans from patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS A manual for marking EZ endpoints was developed and used to train 2 inexperienced graders. After training,...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the contribution of school neighborhood socioeconomic advantage to the association between school-district physical education policy compliance in California public schools and Latino students' physical fitness. METHODS Cross-sectional Fitnessgram data for public-school students were linked with school- and district-level information, district-level physical educatio...

This study examined whether developmental differences exist in the ability to suppress irrelevant information that has entered working memory. Second graders, sixth graders, and young adults (M ages = 7. 5, 11.7, and 22.4 years, respectively) were asked to provide the ending for a series of sentences that highly constrained a terminal noun (e.g., "He mailed the letters without any stamps."). Re...

Parental involvement is an emerging issue in education. Many research studies show that when parents are interested in science and involved in science activities, their children’s performance in science increases. According to these research studies, many science educators are concerned with how to improve parents’ engagement in learning science. At the international science competition, U.S.A ...

In adults, selective memory retrieval can both impair and improve recall of other memories. The study reported here examined whether children also show these two faces of memory retrieval. Employing a variant of the directed-forgetting task, we asked second, fourth, and seventh graders to study a list of target and nontarget words. After study, the participants received a cue to either forget o...

Deliberate practice leads to world-class excellence across domains. In the current investigation, we examined whether psychologically “wise” interventions targeting expectancies and values—stock antecedents of ordinary effortful behaviors—could motivate nonexperts to engage in deliberate practice and improve their achievement. As a preliminary, we developed and validated a novel task measure of...

This study explores the integration of the arts into the teaching of science nonfiction texts during literacy instruction. Sixty-one elementary students (15 second graders, 25 third graders, and 21 fifth graders) attending schools of differing socio-economic levels participated in this study. The study examined the effects of arts-integration on student content knowledge, engagement level, and ...

The study reported here investigates the effect color has on the performance in a wayfinding task, the wayfinding strategies used and the acquisition of survey knowledge of a total of sixty participants: twenty second graders, sixth graders, and adults each. All participants had to find their way to a goal in a virtual environment with either a colored or a gray ground. After that, they had to ...