The Markovian nature follows readily from a mechanistic view, where complete knowledge of a system and sufficient computational resources will allow us to determine the state of the system – or distribution over possible states for stochastic systems – at any given point in the future. Markovian need not progress in time, in fact, for many bioinformatics applications the progression will be in ...

6 This paper critically explores the question of what it means for a 7 construction to be grammatical. The paper engages with some of the 8 observations made in the grammaticalisation literature that elements in 9 grammatical constructions undergo morphologization, and aims to show 10 that grammatical status and morphologization need not be aligned. A 11 number of parameters along which the gra...

In an artificial grammar learning (AGL) experiment, participants were trained with instances of one grammatical structure before completing a test phase in which they were required to discriminate grammatical from randomly created strings. Importantly, the underlying structure used to generate test strings was different from that used to generate the training strings. Despite the fact that gram...

We review current knowledge about reading development and the origins of difficulties in learning to read. We distinguish between the processes involved in learning to decode print, and the processes involved in reading for meaning (reading comprehension). At a cognitive level, difficulties in learning to read appear to be predominantly caused by deficits in underlying oral language skills. The...

This 4-week interpretive study explored the impact of online teacher’s corrective feedback (OTCF) on L2 students’ English language awareness during teacher-student synchronous text-based chats so as to improve the students’ communicative skills. The sample consisted of the researcher as a teacher and three intermediate English learners majoring in business at a university in Bahrain. The data c...

In this article, we examine whether artificial grammar learning is implicit according to a subjective criterion of awareness based on confidence ratings. In four experiments, participants discriminated between grammatical and ungrammatical sequences in both the same (Experiment 1) and a novel (Experiments 2-4) vocabulary and indicated their confidence in each decision. Replicating earlier studi...

Chaining the sequence of events through awareness of their temporal relations is an important aspect of text understanding. As a rule, text provides only partial knowledge of event unfolding however various types of additional sources (documents, personal diaries, etc.) provide an added knowledge to make chronology more precise. The paper argues the novel approach to automated retrieval of info...

The success of sentence classification often depends on understanding both the syntactic and semantic properties of wordphrases. Recent progress on this task has been based on exploiting the grammatical structure of sentences but often this structure is difficult to parse and noisy. In this paper, we propose a structureindependent ‘Gated Representation Alignment’ (GRA) model that blends a phras...