the most modern techniques in biotechnology owe their existence to the discovery of dna cloning and the genetic manipulation of organisms. however biotechnology is not new science in fact, many applications represent old practices with new methodologies. human have been used organisms for their benefit in many processes for several thousand years. therefore, one way of thinking about biotechnol...

The Cayley graphs Gm(G)=Cay(Gm,S) of Cartesian powers the finite group G with respect to canonical symmetric subsets S=S(m)⊂Gm are investigated. It is proved that for each m>1 graph Gm(G) determines up isomorphism. groups automorphisms Aut(Gm(G)) determined. shown if a non-abelian group, then Aut(Gm(G))≃(Gm⋊Aut(G))⋊Dm+1, where Dm+1 dihedral order 2m+2. If an abelian (with some exceptions m=3), ...

AbstractGrammatical Evolution (GE) is one of the most popular Genetic Programming (GP) variants, and it has been used with success in several problem domains. Since original proposal, many enhancements have proposed to GE order address some its main issues improve performance.In this paper we propose Probabilistic Grammatical (PGE), which introduces a new genotypic representation mapping mechan...

in recent decades, biotechnologists have striven to improve the quantity and quality of food supply. producing genetically modified (gm) foods is one of the main goals and many countries all over the world have approved the distribution and consumption of the labeled gm foods in their own regions. however, there are still few groups having concerns about allergenicity of gm foods. this review h...

undoubtedly the holy quran is a unique book in arabic language, eloquently and rhetorically. its words are a pure collection of arabic literature. all poets, jurisprudents and philosophers believe it as a master art. it is a permanent treasure of arabic and for it many sciences have been generated. it kept the arabic language active and dynamic during ups and downs of the history. it also conta...