A technique using special computer programs and data from high-resolution computed tomographic scans has been developed that provides accurate and reproducible volume measurements for muscle and fat in the orbit. Normal values for retrobulbar fat and muscle were established in 19 adults. Nineteen patients with Graves exophthalmopathy were then studied, and a spectrum of change was found that in...

Glucocorticoids are commonly used in the treatment of patients with thyroid disorders, in particular Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis (TPP) is an infrequent but potentially serious condition characterised by recurrent episodes of weakness associated with hypokalemia. We describe the development of acute hypokalemic paralysis in a middle-aged Caucasian man with r...

Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is probably an autoimmune condition although the pathogenesis is still not fully understood. GO is frequently, though not invariably, associated with Graves' disease and it may in fact be a separate disease entity. Ophthalmopathy is commonest in the 30 to 50 age group",2'3 and is more common in women (2:1, female:male), although the female preponderance is not so mar...

Background: Graves' disease is a prevalent autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism. Despite being widely recognized, the risk factors for its associated condition, ophthalmopathy, are not well understood. High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), damage-associated molecular pattern biomarker, has been linked to diseases and may play role in ophthalmopathy....