Simple actions, such as rhythmic tongue protrusions, forelimb facial strokes, and forelimb flails, are emitted by rats both during taste-elicited ingestion/aversion and during postprandial grooming. This study combined peripheral trigeminal deafferentation with a computer-assisted video analysis of action form to examine the use of cutaneous feedback from the face in action production. Changes ...

We consider meshed optical transport networks having multiple levels of hierarchy whereby cross-connects in different levels perform multiplexing and demultiplexing functions at different granularities. We present a traffic grooming approach that can be implemented in a centralized or distributed fashion, based on the novel design that takes advantage of algorithm efficiency and a simple thresh...

In a problem arising in grooming for two-period optical networks, it is required to decompose the complete graph on n vertices into subgraphs each containing at most C edges, so that the induced subgraphs on a specified set of v ≤ n vertices each contain at most C ′ < C edges. The cost of the grooming is the sum, over all subgraphs, of the number of vertices of nonzero degree in the subgraph. T...

Kinship is commonly inferred from behaviour in primate field studies, but the validity of such inferences has not yet been documented. A comparison of the relationships of six three-year-old yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) females with 14 adult females showed that when a juvenile's mother was living she could easily be identified from behavioural data. The most useful behaviour in this conte...

High speed SONET rings are widely used as network infrastructure. In WDM/SONET rings, the SONET add/drop multiplexers (SADMs) can significantly increase the overall system cost. By traffic grooming, the number of SADMs as well as the number of wavelengths required can be reduced dramatically. Generally, traffic grooming includes two parts: circuit construction and circuit grooming. Efficient ci...

On the basis of naturalistic observations of people conversing and laughing in pubs, a new study suggests that the 'grooming-at-a-distance' of laughter provides a three-fold increase in grooming group size, potentially explaining how hominins evolved social groups that are considerably larger than those of other primates.

In the spiny lobster Panulirus argus the antennules carrying olfactory sensilla called aesthetascs and several types of other non-olfactory sensilla accompanying them are frequently groomed by the third maxillipeds in a stereotyped behavioral pattern. This behavior can be elicited by chemical stimulation with l-glutamate. Using selective sensillar ablations, we tested whether this behavior is d...

Analysis of the energy use for optical grooming of quadrature amplitude modulated signals in optical transmission systems is used to determine the potential efficiency benefits. An energy model is developed for both optical and electronic grooming and used to study the relative efficiency for three different network scenarios. The energy efficiency is evaluated considering both coherent and dir...

In this paper, we consider the traÆc grooming, routing, and wavelength assignment (GRWA) problem for optical mesh networks. In most previous studies on optical mesh networks, traÆc demands are usually assumed to be wavelength demands, in which case no traÆc grooming is needed. In practice, optical networks are typically required to carry a large number of lower rate (sub-wavelength) traÆc deman...

Setae are vital in grooming activities and aiding in the removal of epibionts and sedimentary fouling from the body surfaces of decapod crustaceans. Thus, the setal structures and their arrangement on the grooming appendages and sensory structures of the commercially important shrimp, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Macrobrachium rosenbergii is exten...