Purpose This article is a narrative review regarding the usage and effectiveness of introducers or catheters to facilitate tracheal intubation through a supraglottic airway (SGA) as an alternative intubation technique in normal and difficult airway management. Sources Relevant articles were obtained through Medline (1948-July 2011). The articles were subsequently cross-referenced for additional...

Purpose Endotracheal tube introducers are often used in difficult tracheal intubations, but they are rarely deemed responsible for airway injuries. There have been only a few reports of severe complications, such as pharyngeal perforation, mainstem bronchus bleeding, perforation of the tracheal mucosa, and tracheal abrasion associated with hemopneumothorax. Using a computed tomography (CT) scan...

A 24 years-old man was referred to our hospital due to the insertion of 3 pieces of 12×6mm discshaped acrylic beads together with J shaped bougie into the urethra. Bougie was used to push beads into the urethra (Figure 1, 2). In order to maintain the urinary flow, urethral catheter was inserted at previous hospital (Figure 3). Bougie was removed easily together with urethral catheter but beads ...

Abstract Recently, microbial biopolymer-based soil treatment (BPST) has gained attention for its application in environmentally friendly stabilization, particularly enhancing the strength and stability of fine-grained soils. However, effects BPST on clay’s compressibility (consolidation) expansion (swelling) behaviors remain unclear. This study used xanthan gum, a microbially produced polysacch...

BACKGROUND Flavor perception, the integration of taste and odor, is a critical factor in eating behavior. It remains unclear how such sensory signals influence the human brain systems that execute the eating behavior. METHODS WE TESTED CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (CBF) IN THE FRONTAL LOBES BILATERALLY WHILE SUBJECTS CHEWED THREE TYPES OF GUM WITH DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF TASTE AND ODOR: no taste/no ...

Two experiments examined whether chewing spearmint gum can affect the initial learning or subsequent recall of a word list. Comparing those participants in Experiment 1 who chewed gum at the learning or the recall phases showed that chewing gum at initial learning was associated with superior recall. In addition, chewing gum led to context-dependent effects as a switch between gum and no gum (o...

We investigated whether change of emotion related to sourness during chewing causes higher brain functions by using mental arithmetic test. Subjects comprised 120 healthy individuals. The mental arithmetic test was performed under four conditions: chewing lemon-flavored gum (Standard gum, as a delicious gum); gum with 6 times the citric acid component of the Standard gum (Strong-sour gum, as an...

Gum arabic is mainly produced from two Acacias that are found in the gum belt of Sub-Saharan Africa. These are Acacia senegal that produces high quality gum and Acacia seyal that produces low quality gum. In recent years the gum market structure has changed and Sudan lost its near monopoly position as Chad and Nigeria became important gum suppliers. In order to understand the competition betwee...

This research is aimed at producing gum from cashew tree latex, which can act as substitute for gum Arabic. The method used include drying and size reduction of the exudates gum, sieving of the gum to remove impurities, dissolution of the gum in distilled water, filtration to remove polysaccharide waste and finally concentration and stability of the gum. Glycerine, starch and Zinc oxide are som...