Recent work has shown that much of the missing heritability of complex traits can be resolved by estimates of heritability explained by all genotyped SNPs. However, it is currently unknown how much heritability is missing due to poor tagging or additional causal variants at known GWAS loci. Here, we use variance components to quantify the heritability explained by all SNPs at known GWAS loci in...

We mainly study the growth and Gelfand-Kirillov dimension (GK-dimension) of generalized Weyl algebra (GWA) $A=D(\sigma,a)$ where $D$ is a polynomial or Laurent algebra. Several necessary sufficient conditions for $\operatorname{GKdim}(A)=\operatorname{GKdim}(D)+1$ are given. In particular, we prove dichotomy GK-dimension GWAs over in two indeterminates, namely, $\operatorname{GKdim}(A)$ either ...

As investigators plan the next round of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), cohorts of more than 100 000 individuals are being proposed as the solution to the “missing heritability” from first-generation studies.1–6 Although such studies will undoubtedly reveal many additional common alleles contributing to human disease, consideration of the intrinsic design of GWAS, our knowledge of the g...

Study Hypothesis Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several common variants that are associated with risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). The authors state that the current loci discovered in CAD and MI GWAS explain only a small fraction of the heritability of this complex disease. The authors hypothesized that a larger study would ...

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified ∼100 genetic loci associated with prostate cancer risk. Less than a dozen of these loci were initially identified from GWAS in two Asian populations, likely because of smaller sample sizes of these individual GWAS in Asians. Here, we conduct a large-scale meta-analysis of two GWAS from the Japanese population (1,583 cases and 3,386 controls...

The aim of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) is to identify loci in the human genome affecting a phenotype of interest. This review summarizes some recent work on conceptual and methodological aspects of GWAS. The average effect of gene substitution at a given causal site in the genome is the key estimand in GWAS, and we argue for its fundamental importance. Implicit in the definition of a...

Over the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have generated vast amounts of analysis results, requiring development of novel tools for data visualization. Quantile-quantile (QQ) plots and Manhattan plots are classical tools which have been utilized to visually summarize GWAS results and identify genetic variants significantly associated with traits of interest. However, static v...

OBJECTIVE Three genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and a meta-analysis of GWAS were conducted to explore the genetic mechanisms underlying variation in pig teat number. METHODS We performed three GWAS and a meta-analysis for teat number on three pig populations, including a White Duroc×Erhualian F2 resource population (n = 1,743), a Chinese Erhualian pig population (n = 320) and a Chinese...

A number of disease-associated genetic markers for common liver diseases have been identified using genome-wide association studies (GWASs). The GWAS strategy is based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism typing technologies, which are now commercially available, accompanied by statistical methods to identify host genetic factors that are associated with target diseases or complex gene...