In this essay, I define and compare elemental versions of four theories of the firm. These elemental theories are distilled from important contributions by Hart, Holmstrom, Klein, Williamson, and others. Although these contributions have been widely cited and much discussed, I have found it difficult to understand the commonalities, distinctions, and potential combinations of these seemingly fa...

We consider a game-theoretic model of voting in which players have an outcomeindependent component to their preferences. This outcome-independent component—even if arbitrarily small—can dramatically affect the set of Nash equilibria in voting games because it determines how voters behave when they are not pivotal. Given incomplete information, some weak restrictions on voter preferences, and a ...

Some 40 years ago, Dana Scott proved that every countable Scott set is the standard system of a model of PA. Two decades later, Knight and Nadel extended his result to Scott sets of size ω1. Here, I show that assuming the Proper Forcing Axiom (PFA), every proper Scott set is the standard system of a model of PA. I define that a Scott set X is proper if it is arithmetically closed and the quotie...

A new mixed  halo chromate  nanoparticle compound was synthesised and characterized. Triphenylphosphonium trifluoroiodochromate (III)[P(C6H5)3H]+[CrF3I]- nanoparticle was synthesized by using triphenylphosphonium  iodide reaction with CrF3, in the presence of  3-mercaptopropionic acid. This method is a simple and direc...