BACKGROUND Fatherhood status has been hypothesized to affect prostate cancer risk but the current evidence is limited and contradictory. METHODS We prospectively evaluated the relationship between offspring number and the risk of prostate cancer in 161,823 men enrolled in the National Institues of Health - American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study. Participants were aged 5...

BACKGROUND We investigate methods used to analyse the results of clinical trials with survival outcomes in which some patients switch from their allocated treatment to another trial treatment. These included simple methods which are commonly used in medical literature and may be subject to selection bias if patients switching are not typical of the population as a whole. Methods which attempt t...

Missing values, common in epidemiologic studies, are a major issue in obtaining valid estimates. Simulation studies have suggested that multiple imputation is an attractive method for imputing missing values, but it is relatively complex and requires specialized software. For each of 28 studies in the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration, a comparison of eight imputation procedures (uncond...

BACKGROUND To investigate the incidence of death and of new cardiovascular events at long-term follow-up of patients with and without PAD seen in a vascular surgery clinic. MATERIAL/METHODS We investigated the incidence of death, new stroke/transient ischemic attack, new myocardial infarction, new coronary revascularization, new carotid endarterectomy, new peripheral arterial disease (PAD) re...

BACKGROUND CXCL16/SR-PSOX is an interferon-gamma-regulated chemokine and scavenger receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein that is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions. Proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound CXCL16 releases soluble CXCL16, which may promote migration of effector T cells and augment a proatherogenic inflammatory response. We hypothesized that soluble CXCL16 concentrations ...

Robust prediction of the motion of debris from explosions is critical to the estimation of separation distances, fragment density, and debris lethality in explosive safety hazard analysis. Debris dispersion models have been developed and applied to many specific types of hazardous debris (ranging from masonry, concrete, structural steel elements, soil and rock ejecta, to bomb fragments). These ...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine 1) whether bullying is related to all-cause disability retirement, 2) whether bullying contributes to the variance in disability retirement above high job demands and lack of job control, and 3) to establish gender differences in the relationship. METHODS Survey data from 14,501 Norwegian employees on exposure factors linked to registry data on...

OBJECTIVES To establish whether differences in early IQ explain why people with longer education live longer, or whether differences in father's or own educational attainment explain why people with higher early IQ live longer. DESIGN Population based longitudinal study. Mortality risks were estimated with Cox proportional hazards regressions. SETTING Malmö, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS 1530 chil...

Introduction After nearly a century-long trend toward single-family living arrangements, people in wealthy nations are increasingly living in multi-generational households. Multi-generational living arrangements can, in theory, increase psychological, social, and financial capital-factors associated with improvements in health and longevity. Methods We conducted a survival analysis using the ...

Model selection between competing models is a key consideration in the discovery of prognostic multigene signatures. The use of appropriate statistical performance measures as well as verification of biological significance of the signatures is imperative to maximise the chance of external validation of the generated signatures. Current approaches in time-to-event studies often use only a singl...