Abu Ali Hossein Ebn Abdullah Ben Ali Ben Sinna entitled as Shayhk-o-Rayeis in the East and well known in the west by the name of Avicenna was born in a place called Afsharneh near the city of Bokhara in 980 AD but resided in the city of Balkh. He was five years old when his father took him to the city of Bokhara to study Holy Quran where his extraordinary memory became apparent and he memorized...

Gian Piero Zarri’s book summarizes more than a decade of his research on knowledge representation for narrative text. The centerpiece of Zarri’s work is theNarrative Knowledge Representation Language (NKRL), which he describes and compares to other competing theories. In addition, he discusses how to model the meaning of narrative text by giving many real-world examples. NKRL provides three dif...

Ryan's theory is that a virus behaves as an aggressive symbiont in that it can con-comitantly live within a host (enjoying protection and employing its replicative facility) without causing disease and benefit the host by designedly causing disease in rival species. He uses this concept to introduce the idea that the emergence of viruses is inevitable when one species imposes on the habitat of ...

René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec was born on 17 February 1781 in Quimper and spent much of his youth in Nantes, where his uncle Guillaume was Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. He was considerably influenced by his uncle and went to study medicine in Paris where he qualified in 1804. Among his teachers were Corvisart and Bayle who stimulated his interest in the clinical diagnosis of diseases of t...

The percentage of people who produce a neat and clear handwriting is declining sharply. The traditional approach for handwriting teaching is to have a dedicated teacher for long hours of handwriting practice. Unfortunately, this is not feasible in many cases. In this paper we introduce an automated tool for teaching Arabic handwriting using tablet PCs and on-line handwriting recognition techniq...

Zeidari Nasavi’s Nafsat al-Masdoor is one of the few works which are written in technical prose and mainly aim at conveying meaning rather than affection. Considering the emotional strain of his literary text, Zeidari believes music has the highest effect on conveying the feeling, and in various ways, including the use of elements of prosody, literary figures, and the selection and arrang...

mustafa lutfi el-manfaluti is one of the literary men whose writing method was effective on literary change of the previous generation. he was born in egypt. he was interested in reading literary books; that’s why he had completed the science by mohammad abdoh. he had translated many stories and articles and had applied some french stories in his writings. his books are the most eloquent arabic...

Adrien-Marie Legendre (1752–1833) made great contributions to analysis, number theory, celestial mechanics, and practical science. His name is attached to the Legendre differential equation, Legendre polynomials, the Legendre transformation, the Legendre symbol in number theory, the Legendre conditions in calculus of variations, the Legendre relation for elliptic integrals, the Legendre duplica...

This book is the second of two volumes (Schifter 1996) resulting from the work of the Mathematics Process Writing Project (MPWP) in the United States of America. The project was directed over a three-year period (1990–1993) by Deborah Schifter of the Center for the Development of Teaching at the Education Development Center in Newton (Massachusetts) and was an extension of the work of the Summe...