for kant, it is impossible for theoretical reason to prove human autonomy and freedom. he, therefore, tries to prove it as an axiom by practical reason or ethics. kant believes freedom as the quality of human will. he has known free will to be the same as autonomous will; that is, human will would be considered free in such a case that it causes some effects while being itself not caused by the...

ant, in an unusually non-technical way, defines happiness as getting what one wants.1 Also unusual in his ethical writings is a lack of discussion on happiness, since one typically thinks of ethics as being inextricably linked to happiness. Kant does not discuss happiness much because happiness is not the basis of his system of ethics, in contrast to most ethical theories which make happiness t...

1. Kant uses the terms perception, appearance, object, thing, and thing in itself throughout this book. Many of the most common misinterpretations of Kant arise from mistakenly reading the term “appearance” to mean something like “mere appearance,” that is, an illusion of a thing, or just an idea of a thing, or a perception of a thing. For Kant, the term “appearance” is synonymous with the term...

O estudo analisa o papel do Estado – consolidado no plano governamental como agente de direitos, justiça e bem-estar social das políticas públicas educacionais frente ao modelo neoliberal instalado Brasil. Parte-se uma compreensão teórica em Kant, Hegel, Marx, Lukács Mészáros sobre Estado, perpassando suas transformações decorrer da história alcançando atual contexto educacional brasileiro, ide...

For Marx, work is the fundamental and central activity in human life and, potentially at least, a fulŽlling and liberating activity. Although this view is implicit throughout Marx’s work, there is little explicit explanation or defence of it. The fullest treatment is in the account of ‘estranged labour ’ [entfremdete Arbeit] in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts;1 but, even there, Marx ...

O presente artigo questiona a tolerância conteúdos discursivos incompatíveis com axiologia democrática, em especial no âmbito das manifestações estatais. Traz-se à análise duas estatais distintas, do Governo Bolsonaro, determinar às forças armadas as comemorações pelo dia 31 de março, e lei Estado Ceará, proibir que se dê o nome pessoas ligadas ditadura ruas prédios públicos, ocasião na qual pe...

The relation of religion to secular order has once more assumed centre stage in the renewed conflict between secular democracies and a traditional religiosity turned fiercely political. The extreme development of the former had seen politics represented as the only true redemption and religion condemned as the malaise of self-alienated humanity, to be purged altogether or rendered subordinate t...

First-Degree Würde: A Means to What End?! An Examination of Human Dignity and Moral Status in Kantian Ethics and Utilitarianism! ! Kantian Ethics! ! In Chapter 10 of his famous book Leviathan, philosopher Thomas Hobbes writes on the topic of the worth of a person. He writes, “The ‘value,’ or ‘worth,’ of a man is, as of all other things, his price; that is to say, so much as would be given for t...