this article focuses on this problem: why and by what factors have rolled oral and written literature in social process for changing during the process of movement era? based on the analysis of narrative text and the sociology of literature methodology, survey results show that although historical theme has always been one of the topics discussed in the literature but the new iranian literature...

this article reviews the ancient symbolic world, shia and modernity believes in iranian’s mind which are historical link between ancient symbolic world and shie. since the late nineteenth century with the modernization, for exampel civilization, constitutional movement and palavi government, gap created in iranians mind. dispite this gap, iranians mind have symbolic characteristics and are not ...

The effect of Italian colonialism on migration to Italy differed according to the pre-colonial social structure, a factor previously neglected by immigration theories. In Eritrea, precolonial Christianity, sharp class distinctions, and a strong state promoted interaction between colonizers and colonized. Eritrean nationalism emerged against Ethiopia; thus, no sharp break between Eritreans and I...

The title of the newest and fourteenth book by science writer Philip Ball leaves no doubt: this is a counter-attack on claims made by Steven Pinker in his publications The Language Instinct (1994) and How the Mind Works (1997). Pinker characterized music as ‘auditory cheesecake’ (1997: 534): a tasty bonus but, from an evolutionary point of view, no more than a by-product of much more important ...

The brief history of pediatric psychology is reviewed, emphasizing the early descriptions and conceptualizations. The current status of the field is then evaluated with special emphasis on continuity with pediatric psychology's historical roots. A discussion of promising future trends follows highlighting the historical traditions that have not been fully developed. More research on problems sp...

One of the stellar achievements of twentieth century plant biology was the genetic transformation of somatic cells enabling the regeneration of whole plants that were stably transformed and capable of transmitting the inserted genetic material to subsequent generations. This achievement grew out of three independent lines of research initiated early in the twentieth century: plant tissue cultur...

Two decades ago service-learning as an innovation lingered on the periphery of the academy. Today, service-learning has spread across American higher education. Few educational innovations have achieved such relatively rapid success. This article describes the historical and philosophical underpinnings of service-learning. It notes some of the significant debates that have occurred among its pr...

christian zionism, as an extremist christian movement, based on certain literal interpretations of the holy scripture, tend to materialize its deterministic prophetical beliefs so that to provide the ground for the reappearance of the christ at the end of the world. on the basis of this, the movement believes that men ought to pass seven phases or destinies which will lead to the reappearance o...