Introduction In order to achieve high reproductive efficiency and high milk production, herds must properly manage the entire non‐lactating period and early lactation. We refer to this time period as The Vital 90TM Days and it begins approximately 60 days before calving and continues through the first 30 days of lactation. During this time, dairy cows are exposed to a series of biological and p...

The ob gene was cloned in 1994 using the methodology of positional cloning. Leptin, the protein encoded by the ob gene, was identified in 1995 and shown to be a hormonal signal that regulates energy balance.14 Since its discovery 15 years ago, 30,943 articles on leptin have been written (S Korres, personal communication, 2009), providing an opportunity to assess, with some hindsight, the impact...

Unravelling the diverse hormonal and neuroendocrine systems which regulate energy balance and body fat has been a long-standing challenge in biology, with obesity as an increasingly important public health focus. A major development in energy balance regulation has come with the discovery in 1994 of a 'new' hormone, leptin, the protein product of the ob (obese) gene (Zhang et al. 1994). The ini...

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The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the area postrema (AP) represent targets for hormonal and metabolic signals involved in energy homoeostasis, e.g. glucose, amylin, insulin, leptin, peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and ghrelin. Orexigenic neuropeptide Y expressing ARC neurons are activated by food deprivation and inhibited by feeding in a nutrient-dependent manner. PYY...

CONTEXT Women seem to be more vulnerable to dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), than men. There is controversy among studies correlating estrogen deficit to cognitive impairment. Because of the sudden drop of estrogens in menopause, this hormonal deficit could represent one of the risk factors for the larger incidence and prevalence of AD in post-menopausal women. RATIONALE We th...

An overview of the conceptual and methodological changes in citrus developmental research during the past half century is provided. Beginning with the hormonal era, the extensive use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is described and the presumed role of gibberellins in various stages of the reproductive processes is emphasized. Introduction of the sourcesink concept opened the way for alternat...