chlorite flakes, as a product of alteration of biotite, the dominant ferromagnesian mineral in the paleozoic granitic rocks of the canadian appalachians, have been analyzed by electron microprobe for major elements and by 57fe m?ssbauer spectroscopy for the coordination and oxidation state of fe. comparison of m?ssbauer fe3+/fe ratios obtained from chlorite and its host biotite indicates that c...

Gold production in New Zealand has been significant since the mid 1800s, totalling 900 t (29 Moz) to 2005. In addition, there is potential for a further 1230 t (39.5 Moz) of gold in known and undiscovered deposits. Most of the gold has originated from epithermal and mesothermal (orogenic) hydrothermal systems. Epithermal gold occurs in the Northland, Coromandel and Taupo volcanic zones in quart...

Global materials use is expected to grow in the coming decades absence of new policies, bearing substantial negative impacts for environment. This report analyses mechanisms through which resource efficiency and circular economy policies can achieve a decoupling between economic growth material use. Using OECD’s ENV-Linkages model, examines environmental global fiscal reform, implements taxes o...

Calcified biological objects are occasionally found at archaeological sites and can be challenging to identify. This paper undertakes the differential diagnosis of what we suggest is an Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst from an 8000-year-old mortuary site called Shamanka II in the Lake Baikal region of Siberia. Echinococcus is a parasitic tapeworm that needs two hosts to complete its life cy...

This chapter explores the determinants of ethnic culture retention and host country culture adoption among Turkish immigrants in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, using original survey data. To maximize cross-national comparability, the focus is on immigrants from two Turkish regions who themselves or whose parents migrated before 1975. As indicators of ethnic retention we investigate Turki...

Financial system of the country is backbone to countrys growth. In context developing nations, a well-designed microfinance programme seen as successful institutional instrument for promoting socioeconomic development economically disadvantaged sectors society, particularly women. Women, in general, have difficulties obtaining credit due lack assets that may be used security. Microfinance, an a...

Minerals are widely assumed to protect organic matter (OM) from degradation in the environment, promoting persistence of carbon soil and sediments. In this Review, we describe mechanisms processes operating at mineral–organic interface as they relate OM transformation dynamics. A broad set interactions occur, with minerals adsorbing compounds their surfaces and/or acting catalysts for reactions...