asiatic citrus canker is a devastating disease resulting in drastic economic losses in citriculture worldwide. amongst three different types of the disease, i.e. a, a* and aw, the a* type is genetically less known. in order to comprehend the behavior of the asiatic citrus canker a*-type strain (xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) in the vicinity of the host cells, a targeted semi-quantitative trans...

In the ecological context of insect-plant interactions, the interdependence of each other is important for their survival in complex ecosystem. Insect herbivores locate suitable host plants that can provide better resources for food and reproduction. In nocturnal herbivores, especially Lepidopterans, olfaction plays a major role during the selection of suitable host plants. Generally, Lepidopte...

The wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella Keifer, is an eriophyid pest of wheat, although its primary economic impact on wheat is due to the transmission of Wheat streak mosaic (WSMV), Wheat mosaic (also known as High Plains virus), and Triticum mosaic (TriMV) viruses. These viruses cause significant annual losses in winter wheat production throughout the western Great Plains. Temperature and humi...

The ability of seed-borne bacterial pathogens (Acidovorax citrulli, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea) to infest seeds of host and non-host plants (watermelon, tomato, pepper, and soybean) and subsequent pathogen transmission to seedlings was investigated. A non-pathogenic, pigmented ...

Coevolutionary interactions between plants and their associated pollinators and seed dispersers are thought to have promoted the diversification of flowering plants (Raven 1977; Regal 1977; Stebbins 1981). The actual mechanisms by which pollinators could drive species diversification in plants are not fully understood. However, it is thought that pollinator host specialization can influence the...

The interactions between plant-eating insects and their hosts have shaped both the insects and the plants, driving evolution of plant defenses and insect specialization. The leaf beetle Trirhabda eriodictyonis (Chrysomelidae) lives on two shrubs with differing defenses: Eriodictyon crassifolium has hairy leaves, whereas E. trichocalyx has resinous leaves. We tested whether these beetles have di...

Twenty years ago, scientists began to recognize that parental effects are one of the most important influences on progeny phenotype. Consequently, it was postulated that herbivorous insects could produce progeny that are acclimatized to the host plant experienced by the parents to improve progeny fitness, because host plants vary greatly in quality and quantity, and can thus provide important c...

brown spot disease caused by alternaria alternata (fr.: fr.) keissl is a serious problem forproduction of tangerines and tangerine hybrids in iran. the tangerine pathotype causes brownspot disease on young leaves and immature fruits of limited varieties of mandarins and tangerines(citrus. reticulata blanco). specificity in the interaction between tangerine and the pathogen isdetermined by a hos...

Sequestration of chemical defenses from host plants is a strategy widely used by herbivorous insects to avoid predation. Larvae of the arctiine moth Utetheisa ornatrix feeding on unripe seeds and leaves of many species of Crotalaria (Leguminosae) sequester N-oxides of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from these host plants, and transfer them to adults through the pupal stage. PAs confer protection...