HIV-related Immunosuppression significantly increases the risk of acquiring opportunistic infections. This report describes a 69-year-old man, referred to hospital with decreased consciousness and productive cough. This man was a known case of human immunodeficiency virus positive. The sputum of this patient was positive for Salmonella typhimurium. Pulmonary auscultation signaled brief...

Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells that are fundamental to initiating responses against invading pathogens and regulating immune responses. Myeloid DC (mDC) act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune response during virus infections but their role in immunity to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains ill-defined. This review examines aspec...

Chronic immunodeficiency virus infections are characterized by dysfunctional cellular and humoral antiviral immune responses. As such, immune modulatory therapies that enhance and/or restore the function of virus-specific immunity may protect from disease progression. Here we investigate the safety and immune restoration potential of blockade of the co-inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD...

Therapeutic vaccines are currently developed for chronic viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpesvirus and hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus infections. As an alternative to antiviral treatment or to support only partially effective therapy a therapeutic vaccine shall activate the patient's immune system to fight and finally control or i...

We describe a case of Candida esophagitis in a human immunodeficiency virus elite controller with a preserved CD4 count, a population in which opportunistic infections are almost never seen. The patient has hepatitis C virus coinfection and compensated cirrhosis, suggesting a possible multifactorial etiology of immune dysregulation.

Background Serological screening of blood donors provides data on seroprevalence of certain infections among apparently healthy people of working age population belonging to a particular geographic area. The study’s objectives pursued the prevalence of infection with hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum on a sample population of D...

Infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the closely related monkey viruses simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are characterized by progressive waves of immune responses, followed by viral mutation and "immune escape." However, escape mutation usually leads to lower replicative fitness, and in the absence of immune pressure, an escap...

Accumulating evidence suggests that exposed individuals may acquire multiple human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections more frequently than originally believed. As a result, circulating recombinant forms of HIV are emerging that are of particular concern in the AIDS epidemic and HIV vaccine development efforts. The aim of this study was to determine under what conditions secondary or superi...

Background: Mucocutaneous manifestations may occur inevery stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.Some of them may be the first presentations. In this study, weevaluated the prevalence of dermatologic manifestations as thefirst presentations of HIV/AIDS in 25 Iranian patients.Method: In a cross sectional study, we evaluated 25 new casesof HIV infection whose HIV infections were d...