Learning a second language has become necessity for human beings, because in daily life they face globalization, which requires knowing or mastering other languages apart from the native one. This challenge inhabitants of country nation, generating them an anxious feeling that prevents learning easily. Linguistic anxiety is apprehension experienced front situation use foreign with individual do...

In legal cases, stories or scenarios can serve as the context for a crime when reasoning with evidence. In order to develop a scientifically founded technique for evidential reasoning, a method is required for the representation and evaluation of various scenarios in a case. In this paper the probabilistic technique of Bayesian networks is proposed as a method for modeling narrative, and it is ...

Alloy, a lightweight modelling language based on relations, is used to construct a framework for modelling a class of key management schemes used in secure multicast, aimed at checking them against some critical correctness properties that should be satisfied by all secure multicast protocols. This framework is used to model pull-based Asynchronous Rekeying Framework (ARF) and Iolus, two very d...

Selecting an appropriate representation for chords is important for encoding pertinent harmonic aspects of the musical surface, and, at the same time, is crucial for building effective computational models for music analysis. This chapter, initially, addresses musicological, perceptual and computational aspects of the harmonic musical surface. Then, two novel general chord representations are p...

Using eye-tracking, we investigate on-line processing of idioms in a biasing story context by native and non-native speakers of English. The stimuli are idioms used figuratively (at the end of the day – ‘eventually’), literally (at the end of the day – ‘in the evening’), and novel phrases (at the end of the war). Native speaker results indicate a processing advantage for idioms over novel phras...

Information spreads rapidly across Web sites, Web logs and online forums. This paper describes the research framework of the IDIOM Project (Information Diffusion across Interactive Online Media), which analyzes this process by identifying redundant content elements, mapping them to an ontological knowledge structure, and tracking their temporal and geographic distribution. Linguists define "idi...

Idiomatic expressions are important natural parts of all languages and prominent our daily speech. Idioms cannot be interpreted from the word that they formed directly people may not understand meaning. From past literature, it was noted idiom affects Natural Language Processing research like machine translation, semantic analysis, sentiment analysis. Other English, Chinese, Indian idioms recog...